Recurring concern

Unreliable escalation of abnormal clinical observations

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First reported 24 Sep 2013•Latest report 17 Nov 2025

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures in the dedicated process for recognising, interpreting, thresholding, communicating, reviewing or escalating abnormal clinical observations, including physiological, neurological and early-warning observations, where the deficiency can delay appropriate care.

Not included

  • Excludes general clinical deterioration failures where no abnormal-observation trigger or observation-based escalation process is identified.
  • Excludes failures to perform or record observations when no associated failure to recognise, review or escalate abnormal findings is asserted.
  • Excludes failures limited to communicating an already recognised observation to a specific recipient when the broader observation-escalation process is not deficient.
  • Excludes condition-specific assessment or treatment pathways where abnormal observations are only incidental and the named condition supplies the more specific supported boundary.
Reports
39

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
44

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2013–2025

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
59

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care7
Care Quality Commission3
NHS England3
University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust3
Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust2
Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health2
Royal Sussex County Hospital2
Swansea Bay University Local Health Board2
A & B Healthcare Limited1
Aneurin Bevan University LHB1
Barts Health NHS Trust1
Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1
Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust1
Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1
Bristol NHS Foundation Trust1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Manchester North

    AI-generated summary

    baby Dominic Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Baby Dominic Smith was born on 2 June 2015 after a prolonged labour and died at approximately 18 hours of life following a collapse. The report describes pneumonia as the cause of death and identifies concerns including failure to recognise possible rupture of membranes and infection risk, inadequate maternal and neonatal observations, failure to escalate deterioration, delayed antibiotic treatment, and communication and record-keeping problems.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to act on early warning scores

    Wider context from the report

    “Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust: 1. During the course of the inquest into Baby Smith’s death, the following concerns arose: - Inadequate communication, handover and record keeping; - Staff did not follow the Trust’s protocols/guidance and did not document their rationale where they exercised clinical discretion; - Midwives did not carry out a speculum examination, on two separate occasions, in order to establish whether there had been a rupture of membranes. The time between rupture and delivery was, more likely than not, miscalculated as a result of this; - Early warning scores were i) miscalculated, ii) not acted upon; - Neonatal observations were not carried out when it became apparent that there had been a material change in baby’s condition. Signs and symptoms relating to the deterioration were also missed; - Maternal observations were not carried out after delivery, despite a spike in temperature; - Midwives did not escalate to or consult with the Obstetrician/Paediatrician/Neonatologist & - Inadequate preceptorship for newly qualified (and particularly part-time) Midwives. ”

    Source location

    baby Dominic Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Miscalculation of early warning scores

    Wider context from the report

    “Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust: 1. During the course of the inquest into Baby Smith’s death, the following concerns arose: - Inadequate communication, handover and record keeping; - Staff did not follow the Trust’s protocols/guidance and did not document their rationale where they exercised clinical discretion; - Midwives did not carry out a speculum examination, on two separate occasions, in order to establish whether there had been a rupture of membranes. The time between rupture and delivery was, more likely than not, miscalculated as a result of this; - Early warning scores were i) miscalculated, ii) not acted upon; - Neonatal observations were not carried out when it became apparent that there had been a material change in baby’s condition. Signs and symptoms relating to the deterioration were also missed; - Maternal observations were not carried out after delivery, despite a spike in temperature; - Midwives did not escalate to or consult with the Obstetrician/Paediatrician/Neonatologist & - Inadequate preceptorship for newly qualified (and particularly part-time) Midwives. ”

    Source location

    baby Dominic Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide Critical Care outreach support and follow-up when elevated early warning scores are identified.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Critical Care outreach team are also supporting the Division where elevated early warning scores are identified. This involves direct care by the outreach team and subsequent follow up to ensure stabilisation of the patient.”

    Source location

    2016-0240-Response-by-The-Pennine-Acute-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 30 June 2016

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver the Trust-wide project and improvement measures to improve accurate acute monitoring using early warning scores.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Undertaking correct acute monitoring of patients condition, through using early warning score is currently a Trust wide project to improve practice.”

    Source location

    2016-0240-Response-by-The-Pennine-Acute-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 30 June 2016

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Pilot the revised Maternity Early Warning Scoring Chart and make necessary alterations before embedding it in practice.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Within the maternity services, a specific Maternity Early Warning Scoring Chart (MEWS) has been revised which has greater sensitivity to the needs of the physical parameters of women during pregnancy. This tool is in the pilot phase currently to enable any necessary alterations to be implemented prior to being fully embedded in practice.”

    Source location

    2016-0240-Response-by-The-Pennine-Acute-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 30 June 2016

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Introduce a newborn observation chart based on the British Association of Paediatric Medicine Newborn Early Warning Score.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “There has been an audit as part of the divisional yearly programme looking at compliance with the Early Onset Sepsis Guidelines. Actions put in place following the audit was to introduce a new observation chart based on the Newborn Early Warning Score recommended by British Association of Paediatric Medicine (BAPM) and this work is in progress. Once completed there will be further audits to monitor compliance.”

    Source location

    2016-0240-Response-by-The-Pennine-Acute-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 30 June 2016

    Open published response
  2. Leicester City and South Leicestershire

    AI-generated summary

    Derick James Stanmore · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Derick James Stanmore, who was serving a life sentence in HMP Gartree and had recognised medical conditions including heart disease and type II diabetes, complained of chest pains on 7 July 2014. He collapsed in his cell on 10 July 2014 and was pronounced deceased shortly after arriving at hospital; the inquest recorded acute myocardial infarction due to coronary artery atheroma. Concerns included abnormal observations not being recognised or acted upon and the attending nurse not accessing available healthcare records before taking observations.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to recognise abnormal observations and escalate care

    Wider context from the report

    “1. Observations were taken on the morning of Mr. Stanmore’s death by a registered nurse. The observations were abnormal and required further action to be taken but this was not recognised. A system similar to the hospital “Early Warning Score” (EWS) may assist the healthcare staff in recognising this and escalating care accordingly. ”

    Source location

    Derick James Stanmore · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Introduce an adapted Track and Trigger system across three prison healthcare teams and train staff to use it.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Healthcare Management / Clinical Leadership Team will be introducing an adapted version of the Track and Trigger system as attached. Staff will need to be trained in the use of this tool across our three Prison Healthcare Teams and we anticipate that this will be in place by the 1 October 2015.”

    Source location

    2015-0172-Response-by-Leicestershire-Partnership-NHS-Trust
    Page 1 · response
    Published 1 May 2015

    Open published response
  3. Milton Keynes

    AI-generated summary

    Peter John White · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Peter John White was involved in a road traffic collision on 2 April 2013 and was taken to Milton Keynes Hospital with serious chest injuries. He became unwell and collapsed while undergoing a CT scan, and died on 3 April 2013 from haemothorax. Concerns included incorrect completion and inadequate checking of the Early Warning Observation Chart, ignored triggers, failures to escalate care, and the absence of a regular audit system.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to ensure qualified checking and interpretation of Early Warning Observation Chart observations

    Wider context from the report

    “(1)Evidence was given to me that observation of patients are conducted throughout the Hospital using an Early Warning Observation Chart. The observations are often recorded by unqualified Health Care Assistants but the recordings should be checked and interpreted by a qualified nurse. A trigger score is given for each set of observations; one trigger should result in a review by a senior nurse and an increase in the frequency of observations, two triggers requires a review by a doctor and three triggers a review by a specialist registrar. The chart is a tool to ensure that there is an escalation of care to an appropriate level. (2) In the case of Mr. White the EWS chart was not completed correctly, triggers were ignored and none of the observations were checked by a qualified member of staff. The evidence of Dr. ████████ an independent expert was “This resulted in lost opportunities to reassess Mr. White and put in place the necessary resuscitative measures. (3) I was also told that there is no regular audit system in place to ensure that the charts are correctly completed, interpreted and acted upon. ”

    Source location

    Peter John White · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to act on Early Warning Observation Chart trigger scores through appropriate escalation of care

    Wider context from the report

    “(1)Evidence was given to me that observation of patients are conducted throughout the Hospital using an Early Warning Observation Chart. The observations are often recorded by unqualified Health Care Assistants but the recordings should be checked and interpreted by a qualified nurse. A trigger score is given for each set of observations; one trigger should result in a review by a senior nurse and an increase in the frequency of observations, two triggers requires a review by a doctor and three triggers a review by a specialist registrar. The chart is a tool to ensure that there is an escalation of care to an appropriate level. (2) In the case of Mr. White the EWS chart was not completed correctly, triggers were ignored and none of the observations were checked by a qualified member of staff. The evidence of Dr. ████████ an independent expert was “This resulted in lost opportunities to reassess Mr. White and put in place the necessary resuscitative measures. (3) I was also told that there is no regular audit system in place to ensure that the charts are correctly completed, interpreted and acted upon. ”

    Source location

    Peter John White · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report
  4. Brighton and Hove

    AI-generated summary

    MARTIN ARNOLD HILL · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    MARTIN ARNOLD HILL arrived at A & E on 28 March 2014 after approximately three days of confusion, abdominal pain and vomiting, with raised inflammatory markers. The concerns included delayed antibiotics, failures to refer him to the Critical Care Outreach Team when his NEWS was elevated, inadequate withdrawal treatment, failures in managing constipation, poor handover and communication, and serious omissions in the Medical Administration Record.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to refer patients to the Critical Care Outreach Team at required NEWS thresholds

    Wider context from the report

    “(2) At 20:00 hours on the 28th March 2014 after he had been admitted to The Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton his NEWS rose from 1 to 6. NEWS’ own Guidance and the Hospital’s Protocol require that Mr. HILL should have been referred to the Critical Care Outreach Team. He was not. His NEWS rose to 6 again on the 30th March 2014 at 00:20 hours. However, he was not referred then either. He was not referred to Critical Care Outreach until his NEWS rose to 10 at 07:00 hours on the 30th March 2014. ”

    Source location

    MARTIN ARNOLD HILL · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  5. Surrey

    AI-generated summary

    Maria De Oliveria Alva LOPES · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Maria De Oliveria Alva LOPES died on 9 September 2012 after developing severe sepsis from an obstructing ureteric stone, followed by septic shock, multiorgan failure and rhabdomyolysis associated with propofol-related infusion syndrome. The principal concerns included delayed recognition and escalation of sepsis, delays in intensive care admission and treatment, inadequate supervision and control of propofol use, and insufficient monitoring for propofol-related complications.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to act on or escalate elevated Early Warning Scores

    Wider context from the report

    “9. Failure to act on or escalate elevated Early Warning Scores as per hospital protocol ”

    Source location

    Maria De Oliveria Alva LOPES · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  6. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Gary Bradshaw · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Gary Bradshaw attended hospital with groin pain and kidney stones, later developed hyperparathyroidism and died during a hospital admission. The report identified concerns including delays and errors in diagnosis and testing, prescribing bendroflumethiazide before blood-test results, discharge before full investigation, inadequate escalation and fluid monitoring, and incomplete clinical records.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Subjective interpretation of Early Warning Scores

    Wider context from the report

    “12. There seemed to have been a very subjective interpretation of the EWS at the hospital by using the ‘manual’ assessment method. I was told that an electronic version is being rolled out. I would hope that this can be sooner rather than later as it will give a far better and more objective assessment of the Early Warning Scores. (Stockport NHS Trust and The Secretary of State) ”

    Source location

    Gary Bradshaw · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Roll out Patientrack phase one across wards for electronic vital-sign input.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “12. There seemed to have been a very subjective interpretation of the EWS at the hospital by using the manual assessment method. I was told that an electronic version is being rolled out. I would hope that this can be sooner rather than later as it will give a far better and more objective assessment of the Early Warning Scores. “Patientrack” is the electronic track and trigger system purchased by the Trust and this system generates an urgent alert to Doctors and other clinicians of potentially deteriorating patients. This system has been piloted and evaluated on one ward in the Trust and is due to be rolled out across the Trust. Phase one of the rollout, which will focus on the input of vital signs only, has commenced and is being introduced on a ward by ward basis, with the alert functionality activated in phase two, planned to commence in January 2015.”

    Source location

    2014-0232-Response-2
    Page 4 · response
    Published 15 May 2014

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Introduce Patientrack alert functionality in the planned second rollout phase.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “12. There seemed to have been a very subjective interpretation of the EWS at the hospital by using the manual assessment method. I was told that an electronic version is being rolled out. I would hope that this can be sooner rather than later as it will give a far better and more objective assessment of the Early Warning Scores. “Patientrack” is the electronic track and trigger system purchased by the Trust and this system generates an urgent alert to Doctors and other clinicians of potentially deteriorating patients. This system has been piloted and evaluated on one ward in the Trust and is due to be rolled out across the Trust. Phase one of the rollout, which will focus on the input of vital signs only, has commenced and is being introduced on a ward by ward basis, with the alert functionality activated in phase two, planned to commence in January 2015.”

    Source location

    2014-0232-Response-2
    Page 4 · response
    Published 15 May 2014

    Open published response
  7. Plymouth, Torbay & South Devon

    AI-generated summary

    Karen Lesley Peters · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Karen Peters suffered a fall and head injury in hospital on 28 March 2013, subsequently developing an acute subdural haemorrhage and dying on 29 March 2013 after delays in transfer to neurosurgical care. Concerns included nursing staffing and agency staff deployment, handover quality, neurological observations and escalation, administration of contraindicated anticoagulation, availability of airway support, and delays and coordination issues affecting time-critical transfer.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to escalate care after deteriorating neurological observations

    Wider context from the report

    “4. Measuring and Recording GCS After her fall at 14:00 hours an entry was made in the medical record that Karen was to have a CT scan in the event that her levels of consciousness fell. At 20:00 hours Nurse P noted a 1 point reduction to 14. At midnight a further set of observations (performed by an unidentified nurse) noted a further reduction to 13. On neither occasion was Karen sent for a CT scan nor was her treatment otherwise escalated. ████████ accepted at Inquest the need for continued education and training. I would be pleased to hear from you of the outcome in this regard. ”

    Source location

    Karen Lesley Peters · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report
  8. Brighton and Hove

    AI-generated summary

    Herta Edith Maria WOODS · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Herta Edith Maria WOODS, a 94-year-old woman living alone with carer support, was found after falls at home and admitted to hospital with injuries, dehydration, rhabdomyolysis and renal impairment. She was found deceased in her hospital bed early on 8 August 2013 after being overloaded with fluid. The principal concerns included apparent abandonment in the Acute Medical Unit, inadequate documentation and fluid monitoring, failure to act on the NEWS score, failure to obtain timely senior review, and failure to replace an inappropriate cannula.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to act on NEWS scores

    Wider context from the report

    “(4) Failure to act on the NEWS score and create a plan for Mrs. Woods and assist her. This lady was very likely near the end of her life. However, from the evidence that I heard, it was clear that she would not have died when she did had she been given appropriate care and treatment. ”

    Source location

    Herta Edith Maria WOODS · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  9. South Yorkshire (Western)

    AI-generated summary

    Jude Augustus Gordon · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Jude Augustus Gordon underwent surgery and anaesthesia on 23 November 2011, deteriorated with signs of respiratory failure on 27 November, and died shortly after suffering a cardiac arrest. The concerns included failure to escalate his treatment or refer him to critical care, miscalculation of the Early Warning Score, variation in how scores were calculated between Trusts, and the absence of an automatic alert system for senior clinicians.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to contact a consultant when Early Warning Scores indicate clinical deterioration

    Wider context from the report

    “(2) Evidence was given at the inquest, by a consultant, that if he had been called to see Mr Gordon at the time his condition deteriorated, as was indicated by the Early Warning Score system should have happened, then he would have referred to critical care. He was not contacted. I was informed at the inquest that a Trust in Birmingham has a computerised system, that leads to an automatic alert to the relevant senior doctor on each occasion that a Early Warning Score exceeds the relevant level, for contact to be required. Such a system would on the 27th November 2011, to the consultant attending on Mr Gordon. ”

    Source location

    Jude Augustus Gordon · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to refer patients to consultant level when Early Warning Scores indicate escalation

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) As stated the Early Warning Score in Sheffield is referred to as SHEWS. It was clear from the evidence that for a period of almost four and a half hours, prior to his final collapse, Mr Gordon’s score had shown a marked increase. This in itself should have led to referral to consultant level which did not happen. It was also apparent that there had been a miscalculation of the Early Warning Score, by more than one individual. The court was informed, by expert evidence, that there are differences in the method of calculating an Early Warning Score, between different Trusts. Nursing staff, but in particular junior doctors, who are often the person to make the decision to increase the level of treatment, have either trained or worked in different Trusts. This may lead to confusion. It was not clear to me why there is not a single, National, Early Warning Score system. ”

    Source location

    Jude Augustus Gordon · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of a single standardised Early Warning Score calculation system

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) As stated the Early Warning Score in Sheffield is referred to as SHEWS. It was clear from the evidence that for a period of almost four and a half hours, prior to his final collapse, Mr Gordon’s score had shown a marked increase. This in itself should have led to referral to consultant level which did not happen. It was also apparent that there had been a miscalculation of the Early Warning Score, by more than one individual. The court was informed, by expert evidence, that there are differences in the method of calculating an Early Warning Score, between different Trusts. Nursing staff, but in particular junior doctors, who are often the person to make the decision to increase the level of treatment, have either trained or worked in different Trusts. This may lead to confusion. It was not clear to me why there is not a single, National, Early Warning Score system. ”

    Source location

    Jude Augustus Gordon · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026