Recurring concern

Failure to reliably recognise and respond promptly to sepsis

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First reported 29 Apr 2014•Latest report 27 Feb 2026

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes deficiencies in sepsis-related recognition and response across the care process, including dedicated training, awareness, screening tools, clinical assessment, escalation, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring where the report explicitly links the failure to sepsis.

Not included

  • Excludes generic training, staffing, documentation, communication or governance deficiencies not explicitly tied to sepsis recognition or response.
  • Excludes concerns about other named hazards or conditions, such as head injury, falls, pressure ulcers or medication safety, unless the report explicitly identifies sepsis recognition or response as the unsafe issue.
  • Excludes factual statements about sepsis risk that do not identify an unsafe deficiency or unreliable control.
Reports
52

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
75

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2014–2026

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
103

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care14
NHS England8
Care Quality Commission7
Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust3
Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust3
Cardiff & Vale University LHB2
Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust2
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency2
NHS Greater Manchester Integrated Care Board2
Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust2
Abbott Laboratories Limited1
Atrumed Ltd1
Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1
Berkshire and Surrey Pathology Services1
Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Michael Clarke · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Michael Clarke, who had multiple underlying health conditions including end stage renal failure, developed suspected urosepsis after a cystoscopy and died in hospital on 30 July 2023. The report raised concerns about delays in category 3 ambulance responses, the categorisation of a call where sepsis was suspected, and the absence of specific sepsis trigger questions on the ambulance pathway.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of specific sepsis trigger questions on the ambulance pathway

    Wider context from the report

    “3. The evidence before the inquest was that there were no specific sepsis trigger questions on the ambulance pathway. The nurse suspected sepsis and gave that indication but that did not trigger a faster response despite the recognition that where sepsis is suspected antibiotics need to commence as a priority. ”

    Source location

    Michael Clarke · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure of suspected sepsis indications to trigger a faster ambulance response

    Wider context from the report

    “3. The evidence before the inquest was that there were no specific sepsis trigger questions on the ambulance pathway. The nurse suspected sepsis and gave that indication but that did not trigger a faster response despite the recognition that where sepsis is suspected antibiotics need to commence as a priority. ”

    Source location

    Michael Clarke · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    NHS Pathways already considers sepsis through symptom-based assessment and provides an option to identify suspected sepsis.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your third concern raised was regarding there being no specific sepsis questions on the ambulance pathway. The NHS Pathways triage system is a clinical decision support system (CDSS) supporting the assessment of patients presenting to urgent and emergency services, such as ambulance services. The system is owned by the Department for Health and Social Care and delivered by the Transformation Directorate of NHS England.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England and NHS GMIC
    Page 3 · response
    Published 14 May 2024

    Open published response
  2. Birmingham and Solihull

    AI-generated summary

    Tracey Ann FARNDON · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Tracey Ann FARNDON was admitted to hospital with diarrhoea, vomiting and severe lower back pain, deteriorated rapidly, suffered cardiac arrest and could not be saved. The post-mortem identified severe pneumonia and a septic spleen, with the medical cause of death recorded as septic shock due to sepsis secondary to community-acquired pneumonia. Concerns included delays in recognising and treating sepsis, failure to respond appropriately to an unrecordable low blood pressure, and emergency department overcrowding and insufficient staffing.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to recognise and consider sepsis despite its variable signs and symptoms

    Wider context from the report

    “2. The inquest heard how staff failed to consider a diagnosis of sepsis throughout Ms Farndon's admission. There is a concern staff do not fully understand the variable signs and symptoms of sepsis and there is a risk of future deaths. ”

    Source location

    Tracey Ann FARNDON · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver a QEHB Emergency Department sepsis training programme with staff champions, educational events, safety-board information and ongoing staff education.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In response to events surrounding Ms Farndon’s death, the ED department at QEHB has initiated a programme of sepsis training. This includes:”

    Source location

    Response from University Hospitals Birmingham
    Page 4 · response
    Published 15 April 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Embed sepsis screening in Rapid Assessment and Triage to support recognition across the spectrum of presentation.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Sepsis screening will be embedded in the Rapid Assessment and Triage process, and the early involvement of senior clinicians in the review process for walk in and ambulance patients will facilitate recognition of sepsis across the spectrum of presentation.”

    Source location

    Response from University Hospitals Birmingham
    Page 4 · response
    Published 15 April 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue working with NHS England to identify resources needed for healthcare professionals to recognise and respond appropriately to patient deterioration.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “that updates to national sepsis guidance are disseminated and well recognised amongst a wide range of healthcare professionals who may encounter sepsis and acute deterioration. NHS England has developed several sepsis training and education resources, including e-learning, sector specific toolkits, and the ‘sepsis educational digital game,’ an accessible introduction to sepsis for clinical and non-clinical staff. We will continue to work with NHS England to understand what resources are needed to ensure that healthcare professionals recognise and respond appropriately when patients deteriorate.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 3 · response
    Published 15 April 2024

    Open published response
  3. Essex

    AI-generated summary

    Ernest Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ernest Smith died in hospital from sepsis associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia and an infected haematoma, which developed after prophylactic anticoagulation. Concerns included delays in medical and consultant reviews, delayed antibiotics for the infected haematoma, and failure to follow the Sepsis Protocol.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to follow the Sepsis Protocol

    Wider context from the report

    “d. Mr Smith was medically reviewed and considered fit for discharge on 30 March. A tissue viability nurse review that day noted an infected leg haematoma and recommended a surgical referral for consideration of washout and debridement. e. Antibiotics for the infected haematoma were not commenced until 3 April. f. Sepsis was highlighted by the Trust surgical team on 3 April and the Sepsis Protocol was not followed. ”

    Source location

    Ernest Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Recruit a Sepsis Lead Nurse responsible for Trust-wide compliance with the Sepsis 6 protocol.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We agree that we did not implement ‘Sepsis 6’ formally in Mr Smith’s case. Since his episode of care, we have taken steps to improve the management of Sepsis at the Trust. We have been successful in recruitment into a Sepsis Lead Nurse position. This role includes ensuring Trust-wide compliance with the Sepsis 6 protocol. She is currently working towards ensuring 100% compliance to Sepsis training in all our clinical areas, and the inclusion of Sepsis training as part of our mandatory training programme for all clinical staff, to be extended in due course to non-clinical staff.”

    Source location

    Response from Princess Alexandra Hospital
    Page 2 · response
    Published 20 March 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work towards 100% compliance with Sepsis training across all clinical areas.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We agree that we did not implement ‘Sepsis 6’ formally in Mr Smith’s case. Since his episode of care, we have taken steps to improve the management of Sepsis at the Trust. We have been successful in recruitment into a Sepsis Lead Nurse position. This role includes ensuring Trust-wide compliance with the Sepsis 6 protocol. She is currently working towards ensuring 100% compliance to Sepsis training in all our clinical areas, and the inclusion of Sepsis training as part of our mandatory training programme for all clinical staff, to be extended in due course to non-clinical staff.”

    Source location

    Response from Princess Alexandra Hospital
    Page 2 · response
    Published 20 March 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work towards including Sepsis training in mandatory training for clinical staff, with later extension to non-clinical staff.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We agree that we did not implement ‘Sepsis 6’ formally in Mr Smith’s case. Since his episode of care, we have taken steps to improve the management of Sepsis at the Trust. We have been successful in recruitment into a Sepsis Lead Nurse position. This role includes ensuring Trust-wide compliance with the Sepsis 6 protocol. She is currently working towards ensuring 100% compliance to Sepsis training in all our clinical areas, and the inclusion of Sepsis training as part of our mandatory training programme for all clinical staff, to be extended in due course to non-clinical staff.”

    Source location

    Response from Princess Alexandra Hospital
    Page 2 · response
    Published 20 March 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue cyclical Sepsis audits and improvement programmes.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have also implemented a Sepsis awareness programme, part of which included a Sepsis Awareness Day on 21st March 2024 which was well very attended by staff. We remain committed to cyclical audits and improvement programmes relating to Sepsis.”

    Source location

    Response from Princess Alexandra Hospital
    Page 2 · response
    Published 20 March 2024

    Open published response
  4. East London

    AI-generated summary

    Isaac Onyeka · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Isaac Onyeka, a 3-year-old boy with Down’s Syndrome, developed chicken pox followed by painful swellings and signs of sepsis. He became unresponsive at home and died in hospital on 31 May 2023. Concerns included missed clinical information and risk factors during NHS111 and GP assessment, limited access to background diagnoses for NHS111 health advisers, gaps in awareness of the immune deficiency associated with Down Syndrome, and a lack of central resources to help families recognise sepsis in patients with darker skins.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of a central resource to help families recognise signs of sepsis in patients with darker skin

    Wider context from the report

    “(3) The inquest heard that there is no central resource for assisting families to recognise signs of sepsis in patients with darker skins. ”

    Source location

    Isaac Onyeka · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Knowledge gaps about Down Syndrome-associated immune deficiency and heightened sepsis awareness

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) There is concern that there is a knowledge gap amongst the public (parents of children with Down Syndrome in particular), and amongst some healthcare practitioners in relation to the immune deficiency associated with Down Syndrome. The paediatric independent expert stated that: Down Syndrome is the most common genetic disorder associated with immune defects. Children with Down Syndrome need to be managed with a heightened sense of awareness in the setting of sepsis. This was not however known by Isaac’s parents or by the GP registrar. ”

    Source location

    Isaac Onyeka · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with stakeholders to raise awareness among families and carers about sepsis signs, including how signs may appear on darker skin.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NHS England’s Learning Disability and Autism Programme will work with allied stakeholders so that they can help with raising awareness amongst parents/ carers of autistic children and young people and those with a learning disability or special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) families about the signs of sepsis as well as understanding that signs of sepsis may be easier to spot on the palms or feet amongst children and young people with black or darker skin.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 19 March 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review whether to add images or videos to the NHS sepsis page to support recognition of visible symptoms.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As a result of your Report the Website Team will review whether to include images videos on the sepsis page to support identification of visible symptoms of sepsis.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 4 · response
    Published 19 March 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Update NHS Down’s syndrome information to clarify increased susceptibility to infection and consequences.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The NHS website has a page about Other health conditions and Down's syndrome. This page signposts people to annual health checks and states "People with Down's syndrome are more likely to become unwell through an infection..." in the context of encouraging adherence with vaccination programmes. To support the public, the “other health conditions” page has been updated to make clearer the risks of increased susceptibility and consequences of infection. The ‘Who’s most likely to get sepsis’ section of our sepsis pages has also been updated to include genetic disorders such as Down’s syndrome.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 1 · response
    Published 19 March 2024

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Update NHS sepsis guidance to identify genetic disorders, including Down’s syndrome, as increasing sepsis risk.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The NHS website has a page about Other health conditions and Down's syndrome. This page signposts people to annual health checks and states "People with Down's syndrome are more likely to become unwell through an infection..." in the context of encouraging adherence with vaccination programmes. To support the public, the “other health conditions” page has been updated to make clearer the risks of increased susceptibility and consequences of infection. The ‘Who’s most likely to get sepsis’ section of our sepsis pages has also been updated to include genetic disorders such as Down’s syndrome.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 1 · response
    Published 19 March 2024

    Open published response
  5. Berkshire

    AI-generated summary

    Michael James NYE · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Michael James Nye attended the Royal Berkshire Hospital with sepsis caused by a Streptococcus A skin and soft tissue infection, but was initially diagnosed with an upper arm DVT. His condition deteriorated and he suffered two cardiac arrests, with his death verified on 15 November 2022. Concerns included delays in blood tests, CT scanning, escalation to the Intensive Care Unit and prescribing antibiotics, as well as overcrowding, inadequate escalation arrangements and training needs concerning atypical sepsis.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of clinician training and education on atypical sepsis presentation and recognition of sepsis with high lactate

    Wider context from the report

    “f. The need for training and education of all clinicians on atypical presentation of sepsis and the need for a high index of suspicion for sepsis, particularly in the presence of a high lactate. ”

    Source location

    Michael James NYE · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver focused training on atypical sepsis presentation and maintaining a high index of suspicion, particularly with high lactate, in high-prevalence clinical areas.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The trust’s Lead Nurse for Sepsis has delivered focused training in the areas with high prevalence of Sepsis - with teaching sessions in ED as well as discussion at Critical care outreach service (CCORS) and ICU governance meetings. Please see Appendix Bii.”

    Source location

    Response from Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 22 February 2024

    Open published response
  6. East London

    AI-generated summary

    Thomas Doyle · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Thomas Doyle, a 90-year-old man, was admitted to hospital with back and chest pain and subsequently developed sepsis while in hospital, dying on 25 January 2023. The concerns included poor clinical records and failure to commence the diagnostic pathway for sepsis when indicated on admission, contrary to local policy and national guidance.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to commence a diagnostic pathway for suspected sepsis when indicated

    Wider context from the report

    “2. The Trust’s failure to commence a diagnostic pathway to investigate sepsis when clearly indicated on Mr Doyle’s admission, as required by both local policy and national guidance. ”

    Source location

    Thomas Doyle · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use a mandatory electronic sepsis-suspicion field that triggers the sepsis pathway and captures compliance data.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• There is a mandatory field on the new electronic record asking the question 'is sepsis suspected' if yes this triggers the sepsis pathway and data is captured that way. Monthly audit of this takes place with the latest results showing 100% compliance of the records audited.”

    Source location

    Response from Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 31 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Audit electronic sepsis-suspicion documentation monthly and report compliance through established assurance arrangements.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• There is a mandatory field on the new electronic record asking the question 'is sepsis suspected' if yes this triggers the sepsis pathway and data is captured that way. Monthly audit of this takes place with the latest results showing 100% compliance of the records audited.”

    Source location

    Response from Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 31 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Update the Trust sepsis education programme and provide additional face-to-face training for doctors and nurses.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• The Trust sepsis education programme is essential for all clinical staff and has recently been updated. This is supported by additional face to face training for doctors and nurses.”

    Source location

    Response from Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 31 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Adopt the UK Sepsis Trust adult screening tool and audit its use, high-risk patients and positive blood-culture compliance with the Sepsis 6.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• The Trust has adopted the UK Sepsis Trust’s adult screening tool and the use of this is audited by the Lead Nurse for Sepsis. Audits include patients who have scored over 5 on the National Early Warning Score to ensure that Sepsis was considered. In addition, all positive blood culture cases are audited to ensure compliance with the Sepsis 6.”

    Source location

    Response from Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 31 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide regular weekly sepsis teaching sessions in Acute Medicine across both sites.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• Acute Medicine have regular weekly teaching sessions within which sepsis is the most regular topic on both sites.”

    Source location

    Response from Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 31 October 2023

    Open published response
  7. East London

    AI-generated summary

    Marion May Luckraft · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Marion May Luckraft was admitted to hospital with jaundice and died on 17 April 2023 after developing a duodenal perforation following ERCP and pancreatic stent placement, biliary sepsis and shock. The principal concerns were cumulative delays in diagnostic and treatment processes, delayed escalation to high dependency care, fragmented treatment across two hospital sites, and the absence of a clear treatment pathway for biliary sepsis.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Absence of a clear and workable treatment pathway for biliary sepsis

    Wider context from the report

    “4. The absence of a clear and workable treatment pathway for biliary sepsis contributed to delays. ”

    Source location

    Marion May Luckraft · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  8. Central and South East Kent

    AI-generated summary

    Kimberley Sampson and Samantha Mulcahy · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Kimberley Sampson and Samantha Mulcahy died after developing disseminated herpes simplex infections acquired before or around delivery, with both progressing to multi-organ failure despite intensive treatment. The principal concerns were delays in recognising a viral cause and commencing antiviral therapy, alongside a lack of national guidance on antiviral treatment for women presenting with systemic infection in the postpartum or peripartum period. The investigation also found uncertainty about testing staff who had treated both women and was unable to establish whether they had a common source of infection.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to include Herpes Simplex as a diagnosis to consider in sepsis pathways

    Wider context from the report

    “(2) Evidence given at the inquest revealed that Herpes Simplex can be fatal if contracted in pregnancy and whilst deaths are rare there is no specific guidance in relation to treating women in the post-partum period with anti-viral therapy. It was accepted by all who gave evidence that antiviral medication would have been recognised treatment for Herpes Simplex (specifically Acyclovir). The Trust has made some minor amendments to its protocols but there is no national guidance either in place back in 2018 or currently in 2023 on prescribing antiviral medication to women who present with signs of systemic infection. Had Acyclovir been prescribed at an earlier stage it is likely to have significantly reduced the risk of death from progression of the disease. Sepsis protocols cover antibiotic therapy but not antiviral therapy. What was abundantly clear from the evidence before the court was that this is a rare but often fatal disease if contracted in the peripartum period and more needs to be done to raise awareness of it as a potential diagnosis to exclude in sepsis pathways and for early consideration of the use to Acyclovir. ”

    Source location

    Kimberley Sampson and Samantha Mulcahy · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Update the combined maternal sepsis guideline to include timely identification and treatment guidance for herpes simplex, scheduled for publication in March 2024.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The College is currently in the process of updating its Green-top Guidelines on Sepsis in pregnancy (No. 64a) and Bacterial sepsis following pregnancy (No. 64b). The new name of the combined guideline will be Identification and management of maternal sepsis during and following pregnancy (No. 64). We will ensure that this updated version will contain guidance on the timely identification and treatment of herpes simplex. This is currently scheduled for publication in March 2024.”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    National guidance on diagnosing and treating pregnancy-related sepsis and antiviral prescribing is outside the organisation’s remit.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your second concern related to the delays in prescribing the antiviral medication Acyclovir to Kimberley and Samantha and that there was no national guidance in relation to prescribing antiviral medication in such cases, and that more needed to be done to raise awareness of the possibility of HSV to exclude in sepsis pathways.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Responsibility for relevant national sepsis guidance lies with the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The relevant national guidance does not come under the remit of NHS England. The Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (RCOG), who you also addressed your Report to, are one of the organisations responsible for the national guidance on diagnosing and treating sepsis during pregnancy and we note their response to you that they are in the process of updating their Green-top Guidelines on Sepsis in pregnancy (No. 64a) and Bacterial sepsis following pregnancy (No. 64b). The update will result in a new combined guideline titled Identification and management of maternal sepsis during and following pregnancy (No. 64), which will include guidance on the timely and routine identification and treatment of herpes simplex. NHS England notes that this is scheduled for publication in March 2024.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2023

    Open published response
  9. West Yorkshire Eastern

    AI-generated summary

    Carol Ann Hatch · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Carol Ann Hatch underwent repeat hiatus hernia surgery at a private hospital on 31 August 2022 and became unwell overnight. She was transferred to an NHS hospital, treated for septic shock and organ failure for six weeks, and died on 18 October 2022. The report identifies concerns about overnight monitoring, escalation, staffing competence, record-keeping, and delays in investigations and treatment; evidence at the Inquest indicated that the failings contributed to her death.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in urgent diagnostic imaging for patients displaying septic shock symptoms

    Wider context from the report

    “8. When the surgeon sought an x ray at 8.35 am there was a delay until this took place at 10.09 am. There was a failure to appreciate the urgency of the situation in a patient who was displaying symptoms of septic shock. ”

    Source location

    Carol Ann Hatch · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  10. Milton Keynes

    AI-generated summary

    Michael ALLEN · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Michael Allen, an otherwise healthy man, was admitted to Milton Keynes University Hospital with gallstone pancreatitis and died there on 11 April 2021 from acute pancreatitis and liver necrosis resulting from gallstone disease. The report identified concerns about ineffective monitoring, inadequate senior surgical supervision, failure to initiate the sepsis protocol effectively, and delay in calling the ITU team after his deterioration.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to initiate the sepsis protocol effectively

    Wider context from the report

    “An FY1 doctor was effectively left to her own devices to manage Mr Allen, despite her being only 8 months or so in a post qualification position. In my mind this was a wholly unacceptable lapse on the part of her senior clinicians. She was, despite her efforts, out of her depth. This is not a criticism of the FY1 doctor, simply a reflection that she had only a few months junior surgical experience at that time. All clinicians, ████████ gave evidence that they were aware of the MKUH Sepsis protocol. However, none of them was able to describe it fully – the nearest being the most junior of the team, ████████. As a result there was a failure to initiate the sepsis protocol effectively. There was no effective senior involvement in the care of Mr Allen from the end of the 0800 am ward round to his deterioration at around 1800 or so. There was a failure to effectively or consistently monitor Mr Allen between 1059 am and his deterioration around 1800. Even at that point despite, in my mind, a critical emergency, there was a further delay of one hour before the ITU team were called. Overall, I find that the surgical team in charge of Mr Allen had no effective knowledge of the Sepsis protocol, they failed to monitor him effectively or consistently despite clear signs of deterioration, they failed to provide adequate support and supervision to ████████ and they failed to institute an effective senior review at any point on the 9th April 2021 until critical deterioration by which time his chances of death due to his rapid deterioration and multi-organ failure were 80 to 100%. ”

    Source location

    Michael ALLEN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of effective knowledge of the sepsis protocol

    Wider context from the report

    “An FY1 doctor was effectively left to her own devices to manage Mr Allen, despite her being only 8 months or so in a post qualification position. In my mind this was a wholly unacceptable lapse on the part of her senior clinicians. She was, despite her efforts, out of her depth. This is not a criticism of the FY1 doctor, simply a reflection that she had only a few months junior surgical experience at that time. All clinicians, ████████ gave evidence that they were aware of the MKUH Sepsis protocol. However, none of them was able to describe it fully – the nearest being the most junior of the team, ████████. As a result there was a failure to initiate the sepsis protocol effectively. There was no effective senior involvement in the care of Mr Allen from the end of the 0800 am ward round to his deterioration at around 1800 or so. There was a failure to effectively or consistently monitor Mr Allen between 1059 am and his deterioration around 1800. Even at that point despite, in my mind, a critical emergency, there was a further delay of one hour before the ITU team were called. Overall, I find that the surgical team in charge of Mr Allen had no effective knowledge of the Sepsis protocol, they failed to monitor him effectively or consistently despite clear signs of deterioration, they failed to provide adequate support and supervision to ████████ and they failed to institute an effective senior review at any point on the 9th April 2021 until critical deterioration by which time his chances of death due to his rapid deterioration and multi-organ failure were 80 to 100%. ”

    Source location

    Michael ALLEN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026