Recurring concern

Failure to reliably recognise and respond to acute clinical deterioration

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First reported 24 Sep 2013•Latest report 24 Jun 2026

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures to recognise, monitor, escalate, obtain clinical review for or respond to acute physical deterioration when the deterioration hazard itself is directly asserted.

Not included

  • Excludes generic communication, staffing, training or senior-oversight failures not directly tied to an identified deterioration episode or control.
  • Excludes deterioration in mental health, and condition-specific systems that do not establish a wider acute-deterioration failure.
Reports
103

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
127

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2013–2026

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
169

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care14
NHS England10
Care Quality Commission6
University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust6
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence4
Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust4
Recipient name withheld3
Royal Sussex County Hospital3
Barts Health NHS Trust2
College of Policing2
Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust2
Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust2
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust2
Medway NHS Foundation Trust2
Metropolitan Police Service2

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Ernest Bacon · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ernest Thomas Bacon suffered an accidental fall at home, sustained a fractured neck of femur, and was admitted to Tameside General Hospital, where he subsequently had an ischaemic stroke. After triggering for sepsis on 16 January 2022, he was not reviewed face to face, the sepsis pathway was not followed, intravenous antibiotics were delayed, and the failure to escalate was not recognised. He died from sepsis at the hospital on 17 January 2022.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to flag deteriorating patients during handover

    Wider context from the report

    “2. As a consequence of the availability of doctors he was not reviewed face to face but via telephone. His notes were not seen. The seriousness of his condition was not recognised and he was not flagged up on handover; ”

    Source location

    Ernest Bacon · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  2. Sefton St Helens & Knowsley

    AI-generated summary

    Joan RICHARDSON · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Joan RICHARDSON, a frail 98-year-old woman living in supported accommodation, became increasingly unwell at home and was admitted to hospital on 4 May 2020. She had pneumonia, a fractured neck of femur and grade 4 sacral pressure wounds, and died in hospital on 18 May 2020. Concerns included failures to escalate her deterioration and pain, incomplete care planning and risk assessments, inadequate pressure-area care and documentation, and inadequate staff training and escalation procedures.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to escalate patients’ deterioration and pain

    Wider context from the report

    “(brief summary of matters of concern) Joan had only started to receive care at home four times per day from lunch time of 29/04/2020, however when Joan failed to get up from her bed, refused food and fluids, complained of pain and generally started to deteriorate;- 1. The matter of Joan’s general deterioration was not escalated as it should have been to her GP/District Nurse/Commissioning Social Services etc. 2. When Joan complained of pain -the matter was not escalated as it should have been. 3. There was no comprehensive plan of care, risk assessment, pressure area care plan/risk assessment, falls assessment and care plan put in place following assessment by Litch care services. The manager/proprietor ████████ Registered manager informed the court they were still in the process of doing risk assessment/s etc because Joan was only receiving their care for 4.5 days before she was admitted to hospital. 4. Joan was admitted to hospital with Grade 4 pressure ulcers/tissue injuries to her sacrum, but because Joan had refused much of the personal care offered to her and she had remained largely immobile in bed the pressure sores/tissue injuries were not documented, assessed or managed as they should have been nor was the tissue viability nurse, GP, District nurse or social care team informed to enable them to commence/prescribe appropriate treatment. 5. There were no records/daily log making any mention of skin integrity/breakdown even though Joan was in bed, frail, immobile and incontinent in addition to which because Joan was refusing care her incontinence pad were not being changed regularly. 6. Training/education, support & supervision of care staff including the provision of clear escalation procedures was inadequate. Noting care staff attended upon Joan regularly as required. ”

    Source location

    Joan RICHARDSON · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  3. Inner North London

    AI-generated summary

    Cristofaro PRIOLO · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Cristofaro Priolo, an 80-year-old man with progressive Alzheimer’s dementia who lived in a nursing home, choked on cauliflower cheese on 25 November 2020 and died. The report identifies concerns that his food was not prepared or fed in accordance with his assessed needs, and that staff failed to provide appropriate first aid, recognise cardiac arrest, and attempt effective CPR.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to recognise cardiac arrest

    Wider context from the report

    “A BUPA internal investigation has already taken place and identified some learning points. However, there are matters outstanding around training and audit. Obviously, the cauliflower for Mr Priolo should have been prepared properly for him by the catering staff, but quite apart from that, Mr Priolo’s carers were never assessed when they were feeding him. Whilst the carer who was feeding him when he choked knew that he needed small, soft mouthfuls that he should be allowed to swallow completely before offering the next, that is not what happened. He was fed a large quantity of cauliflower cheese, it seems relatively quickly, that was undercooked to the point of being almost raw, making it much too hard for him to swallow safely. Staff, including qualified nursing staff, then failed to give appropriate first aid. Even 18 months after the event when they were giving evidence in court this week – the inquest had been delayed to allow a police investigation – some staff were unable to describe the correct treatment for choking. Most significantly, nursing staff failed to recognise that Mr Priolo had suffered a cardiac arrest. They then failed to attempt CPR. After the arrival of paramedics, one member of nursing staff did attempt to give chest compressions, but these were ineffective. That is likely to be the result of panic and distress. These are common feelings in an emergency situation, but the risk of them overwhelming resuscitation efforts may be reduced by frequent appropriate training. ”

    Source location

    Cristofaro PRIOLO · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide and competency-assess Basic Life Support and DNACPR training, including practical choking and CPR assessment.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• Training around Basic Life Support (“BLS” – the content of which includes addressing and dealing with choking incidents and CPR) and DNACPRs. This training involved an online/classroom based training session, as well as a practical session, where learners are practically assessed, and are not deemed competent until the trainer is satisfied that a learner is competent. We are mindful of your on-going concerns in relation to those nurses who gave evidence during the inquest, and we have said more on this point below – see “concerns 3, 4 & 5”, below.”

    Source location

    Response from BUPA Care Services
    Page 1 · response
    Published 12 May 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Have the Internal Lead Inspector attend Basic Life Support training to assess its quality and efficacy.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “9. Our Internal Lead Inspector will attend training in Basic Life Support (BLS) to assess the quality and efficacy of the training provided internally by Bupa. To reassure you, our BLS and Emergency First Aid at Work trainers are all qualified and trained by external training providers. During this training our staff are evaluated and leave the classroom assessed as competent. This includes a practical assessment of delivery of chest compressions.”

    Source location

    Response from BUPA Care Services
    Page 4 · response
    Published 12 May 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Retrain remaining Highgate staff and ensure they are competent and confident to manage future choking, cardiac arrest and CPR incidents.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “10. Given the concerns raised at inquest regarding the competence of some of The Highgate staff, we will ensure that those who remain within The Highgate are retrained, competent and confident to manage any further incidents in the future.”

    Source location

    Response from BUPA Care Services
    Page 4 · response
    Published 12 May 2022

    Open published response
  4. Essex

    AI-generated summary

    Maria Howell · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Maria Howell, a resident of Cranham Court Nursing Home, died in hospital on 28 September 2019 after her RIG tube fell out, reinsertion was delayed, and she later developed peritonitis. The concerns were that the care home lacked qualified nursing staff to reinsert a time-critical RIG tube and that staff did not recognise the need for urgent medical attention when she became critically ill.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure of staff clinical judgement to recognise the need for urgent medical attention in critically ill people

    Wider context from the report

    “That the Care Home had a resident with specific complex needs, and they had no qualified nursing staff to reinsert a RIG tube which is time critical. That they employ staff whose clinical judgement on someone who is critically ill does not necessitate urgent medical attention. ”

    Source location

    Maria Howell · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report
  5. Nottinghamshire

    AI-generated summary

    Michelle Whitehead · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Michelle Whitehead died on 7 May 2021 from a hypoxic brain injury after experiencing deterioration in her breathing and oxygen saturation while detained under Section 2 of the Mental Health Act. The report identifies concerns about unclear sedation medication and documentation, delayed recognition and treatment of her deterioration, lack of medical and consultant involvement, difficulty contacting the duty doctor, and delays in calling and admitting paramedics.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in recognising declining patient condition

    Wider context from the report

    “1. Unclear dose/type of sedation medication given, possible excess dose given, poor documentation 2. Delayed recognition of Mrs Whitehead’s declining condition 3. No medical clerking from admission until her collapse 4. No Consultant involvement after admission 5. Inability to reach Duty Doctor for deteriorating patient 6. Delay in calling paramedics 7. Delay in Paramedics gaining access to the ward Many of these issues have been the subject of scrutiny in at least two previous Inquests, that have followed deaths on inpatient wards of the Trust. I have received reassurance during these Hearings that the issues have been addressed, but this case illustrates that they clearly remain. The issues are very serious in my view. ”

    Source location

    Michelle Whitehead · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to provide timely access to the Duty Doctor for deteriorating patients

    Wider context from the report

    “1. Unclear dose/type of sedation medication given, possible excess dose given, poor documentation 2. Delayed recognition of Mrs Whitehead’s declining condition 3. No medical clerking from admission until her collapse 4. No Consultant involvement after admission 5. Inability to reach Duty Doctor for deteriorating patient 6. Delay in calling paramedics 7. Delay in Paramedics gaining access to the ward Many of these issues have been the subject of scrutiny in at least two previous Inquests, that have followed deaths on inpatient wards of the Trust. I have received reassurance during these Hearings that the issues have been addressed, but this case illustrates that they clearly remain. The issues are very serious in my view. ”

    Source location

    Michelle Whitehead · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in calling paramedics for deteriorating patients

    Wider context from the report

    “1. Unclear dose/type of sedation medication given, possible excess dose given, poor documentation 2. Delayed recognition of Mrs Whitehead’s declining condition 3. No medical clerking from admission until her collapse 4. No Consultant involvement after admission 5. Inability to reach Duty Doctor for deteriorating patient 6. Delay in calling paramedics 7. Delay in Paramedics gaining access to the ward Many of these issues have been the subject of scrutiny in at least two previous Inquests, that have followed deaths on inpatient wards of the Trust. I have received reassurance during these Hearings that the issues have been addressed, but this case illustrates that they clearly remain. The issues are very serious in my view. ”

    Source location

    Michelle Whitehead · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Redistribute NEWS2 quick-reference guides across inpatient sites and directorates.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As a response the Directorate has re-printed new refreshed supplies of the credit card sized NEWS2 quick reference guides (Appendix 1), which identify the physical health parameters and trigger points for escalation to local medical colleagues or the emergency ambulance service. The card is to be worn on a lanyard alongside individual identification badges, acting as an immediate reminder. These have now been confirmed as having been redistributed across our inpatient sites within Adult Mental Health Services and have been shared with the other directorates to ensure consistency across sites.”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deploy handheld devices for electronic NEWS2 recording, automatic scoring and escalation alerts across Adult Mental Health inpatient areas.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Additionally, the Division is rolling out handheld devices that allow staff to immediately enter physical observations into the NEWS2 electronic system (and patient record). This will automatically calculate the NEWS2 scores and alert if interventions or emergency care is required. Confirmation has been received that these have been made available and are in use on all Adult Mental Health inpatient areas.”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver comprehensive NEWS2, anaphylaxis and emergency-treatment training with scenario-based exercises for inpatient staff.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Two senior staff members have been identified to work with individuals and groups from the Lucy Wade Unit to ensure they fully understand how to undertake comprehensive NEWS2 assessments. The key focus of the sessions is about confidence-building, particularly regarding decision-making at the time of an urgent clinical incident. They will additionally ensure that all staff are supported to recognise signs of an Anaphylaxis reaction and its associated emergency treatment with Adrenaline. This will include individual group training and the completion of medical emergency scenarios to test knowledge and processes in a more realistic, true-life environment. We are initially prioritising the wards in the north of the county and intend to have this area fully compliant with the training target in this area by mid-April 2022.”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review the Hospital Life Support lesson plan to confirm adequate coverage and competency assessment for NEWS2, anaphylaxis and emergency treatment.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “All direct care in-patient staff in the Trust complete Hospital Life Support training every eighteen months, which includes the completion of NEWS2 assessments and associated escalations; plus, recognition of Anaphylaxis and its emergency treatment using Adrenaline. Currently Adult Mental Health services are at 84 percent compliance, which is within target for the Directorate. The lesson plan for this core training is being reviewed to confirm that sufficient time is spent on all aspects of”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review the Rapid Tranquillisation Policy, consult an external intensivist and define assessment, learning and development requirements for patients who fall asleep afterward.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust Resuscitation committee is convening (initially on 9 March 2022) to review the Rapid Tranquilisation Policy and will explore, review and determine what actions should be taken should a patient fall asleep post rapid tranquilisation administration. At the initial meeting it has been agreed that an external intensivist will be consulted to advise as part of this process. A clear understanding of how staff will make the assessment to determine if the patient is sleeping or if the patient is unconscious will be confirmed and any additional learning and development planned.”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement a dedicated NHS wireless network enabling junior doctors’ smartphones to use Wi-Fi calling at identified Kingsmill locations, and distribute user guidance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The option of a “back up bleep” to be an alternative contact method if the mobile phone fails was then considered. Advice from IT was that there is a function to remove bleeping from the NHS, which was to be achieved by the end of 2021. Alternative options include various apps, but they all require a smartphone and a reliable signal or Wi-Fi calling. We have therefore reviewed all first on call rotas to establish all locations where the junior doctor may need to visit as part of their duties. For the duty doctor at Millbrook, in addition to Millbrook itself, this consists of all of Kingsmill Hospital Campus – including Kingsmill Hospital Pathology Lab, along with Alexander House, Bracken House and the road in between. ICT have now developed a solution using Wi-Fi calling via a specific NHS wireless network.”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 6 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Agree priority-one ambulance responses for emergencies from Mental Health units until the hospital crash process is operational.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The primary message to staff, is that they must call for immediate support from the Ambulance service when they recognise that someone’s physical health is rapidly deteriorating, and a medical emergency is or is likely to occur. This has been included clearly within the notification of learning letter already referred to within this response (Appendix 3).”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 6 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    A crash bleep was discounted because the duty doctor covered multiple sites and could not provide an immediate response.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The recommendation from the SI report was to have a “crash bleep”. This was considered but discounted as the duty doctor covers a number of geographical sites and cannot provide an immediate response. Therefore, the response to a medical emergency needs to remain as 999.”

    Source location

    2022-0016-Response-from-Nottinghamshire-Healthcare_Published
    Page 5 · response
    Published 24 January 2022

    Open published response
  6. West Yorkshire Eastern

    AI-generated summary

    John Dickinson · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    John Dickinson was admitted to hospital after falls and treatment for a gall bladder infection, then moved to a care home. He later developed poor nutritional and fluid intake, dehydration, acute kidney impairment and a urinary tract infection, and died on 9 August 2020 while receiving palliative care. Concerns included inconsistent and insufficiently detailed record keeping, failures to document or act on advice about monitoring food and fluid intake, and delayed recognition of deterioration.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delay in assessing deterioration

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The record keeping was inconsistent and lacked detail on general wellbeing. (2) The volume of forms to be completed meant that there was not a single document from which a holistic view of him could be obtained. (3) Assumptions were made regarding generally refusing food when if the food records had been checked it would have been noted that he consistently refused the fourth meal of the day until the 28th July 2020. (4) Advice from the GP on 15th July 2020 were handed over orally at a ‘huddle’ and no record was kept as to this being mentioned. (5) Following the GP’s visit, no action planned regarding monitoring his fluid or food intake was created nor was any instruction placed in his room to prompt monitoring. (6) The inconsistent and sometimes non-existent record keeping meant that Mr Dickinson was not assessed as deteriorating until 48 hours before his admission to hospital rather than 5-6 days before he began refusing lunch and evening meal. ”

    Source location

    John Dickinson · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  7. Inner South London

    AI-generated summary

    Abiodun Adisa ORITOGUN · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mr Abiodun Adisa Oritogun was admitted with severe acute pancreatitis, deteriorated on the ward, and died after collapsing while self-discharging; the inquest concluded that he died from complications of pancreatitis and ileus. Concerns included inadequate monitoring and escalation after his condition worsened, and uncertainty about whether patients with severe pancreatitis received an appropriate level of care and ITU referral.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inadequate care planning for monitoring and observations after clinical deterioration

    Wider context from the report

    “The coroner found that there were two concerns about medical care, namely 1. He was considered to be in alcohol withdrawal, (which evidence was not concluded either way) but there was an inadequate care plan with regard to monitoring and observations following his MEWS score rising from 1 to 10 and having a peri-arrest, which should have triggered formal ITU referral (he was seen by outreach nurses) and should have led to finding a cause of his deterioration and subsequent agitation and implemented closer monitoring. The reviewing doctor has reflected and embraced learning. 2. The consultant surgeon gave evidence that Mr Oritogun had a significant risk of arrhythmia related to electrolyte disturbances, although the evidence admitted was that these had been corrected prior to death. She nevertheless concluded that he died of a cardiac arrhythmia, which was not accepted as proven by the court, although it remained a possible cause. She opined that all cases of severe pancreatitis should be cared for in ITU, as they were at risk of sudden death, and they needed a degree of monitoring and observation not available on the general ward. She regretted that she had to accept the decisions of the ITU and informed the court that there may be preventable deaths that occur from not being given care in ITU. She gave evidence that other hospitals had a policy of admitting severe pancreatitis to ITU. Only when evidence of the Trust ITU consultant was admitted, suggesting that requirement of organ failure support was usually needed for admission. The surgeon’s testimony was given despite the Trust embarking on discussions between ITU and General surgery about the matter over the past year. Whilst the Trust has an Action Plan to consider these matters, it has not been fully implemented a year after death and it is not clear that a) it will ensure that patients with severe pancreatitis secure adequate monitoring and observations, whether in ITU, HDU or the ward b) in determining the appropriate criteria for admission to ITU, that they will not be driven by ITU capacity constraints if it is clinically inappropriate to provide a lower level of care. ”

    Source location

    Abiodun Adisa ORITOGUN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide enhanced nursing observation through the 24-hour Critical Care Outreach Team for patients managed outside critical care.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Although Mr Oritogun was not referred to critical care for subsequent deterioration in his NEWS score, it is unlikely that his management would have changed through admission to ITU or HDU in the absence of organ failure. His nursing observation was enhanced through the provision of regular reviews by the Critical Care Outreach team (CCOT).”

    Source location

    Response from Lewisham and Greenwich NHS
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 July 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Apply nationally derived critical-care admission criteria, with urgent intensive-care review within 60 minutes and admission or ward-management advice.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Our criteria for admission to critical care (ITU or HDU) are the same as those adopted nationally. These criteria are derived from “Guidelines on admission to and discharge from Intensive Care and High Dependency Units” published by the Department of Health in March 1996; these guidelines are still applicable and current. The type of patients who require ITU care are unstable and have a requirement for multiple organ monitoring and/or support. Patients admitted to HDU are those requiring single organ support, or those who need observation and monitoring that cannot be safely provided on a general ward.”

    Source location

    Response from Lewisham and Greenwich NHS
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 July 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide immediate critical-care doctor and outreach-nurse support, continuous trained staffing in the safest available area, and transfer to critical care when a bed becomes available.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In the immediate response, we provide a critical care doctor (or airway trained anaesthetist) and a CCOT nurse to care for such patients wherever they may be, whether in the general wards, operating theatres, emergency department or elsewhere in the hospital.”

    Source location

    Response from Lewisham and Greenwich NHS
    Page 3 · response
    Published 22 July 2021

    Open published response
  8. Inner North London

    AI-generated summary

    Mr Khairul Rahman · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mr Khairul Rahman became unwell during a COVID-19 outbreak at HMP Pentonville, was later admitted to hospital, and died on 22 January 2021 from COVID-19. Concerns included inaccurate or non-contemporaneous documentation of clinical interactions, intervals between observations that did not align with the NEWS2 scoring system, reliance on prisoners to self-report deterioration, and the lack of a clear effective alternative system for monitoring in the prison healthcare setting.

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    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unclear use of the NEWS2 scoring system and absence of an effective alternative monitoring system

    Wider context from the report

    “1. There does not seem to be a robust system in place in the prison healthcare setting for contemporaneous or accurate retrospective documentation of the timing of clinical interactions. I heard evidence and received a further statement, following the conclusion of the inquest, which set out the difficulties that the prison environment causes, in terms of being able to document accurately. However, I remain concerned that the lack of accurate documentation means that subsequent review of the appropriateness of clinical care, in particular, response times is hampered; 2. The interval to further observations being undertaken were not inline with the NEWS2 scoring system and, in oral evidence, it was set out that prisoners were expected to self-report deterioration. This differs from latter information, provided after the conclusion of the inquest. However, it remains a concern. The use of the NEWS2 scoring system remains unclear; the post-inquest information seemingly sets out both that this system was only to used after a positive COVID-19 result but also at daily handover. Whilst recognising that the prison environment differs from a hospital setting, I remain concerned that the care provided was not as guided by the NEWS2 scoring system and that no alternative system appears to be in place that can be used effectively in the prison healthcare setting. ”

    Source location

    Mr Khairul Rahman · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use NEWS2 to support identification of deteriorating patients and clinical decision-making.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Practice Plus Group currently adopts the NEWS2 tool to support identification of the deteriorating patient, in order to aid clinical decision making.”

    Source location

    2021-0226-Response-from-Practice-Plus-Group_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 July 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver a service-improvement programme at HMP Pentonville to embed appropriate NEWS2 use, including deteriorating-patient training and distribution of quick-reference cards.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Practice Plus Group recognises the importance of NEWS2 scoring to identify potential clinical deterioration and have begun a service improvement project to encourage the appropriate use of the tool and embedding this into practice. A ‘Back to Basics’ workshop has been designed to ‘Identify the Deteriorating Patient’ and ensure escalation of clinical abnormalities. This will be delivered for the healthcare team at HMP Pentonville by 30th November 2021. Within the delivery of the training, small laminated NEWS2 cards will be distributed as an immediate ‘go to guide’ to help support implementing the use of the NEWS2 within clinical assessment and identifying the deteriorating patient.”

    Source location

    2021-0226-Response-from-Practice-Plus-Group_Published
    Page 4 · response
    Published 9 July 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop and communicate guidance for monitoring patients who test positive for COVID-19 in custodial settings.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “It is important to note that at the time of Mr Rahman’s death there was no clinical guidance produced by NHS England to guide staff around the Management of COVID positive patients in a prison setting. In November 2020, Practice Plus Group developed the ‘Monitoring of patients who test positive for COVID’ Policy and this was updated and communicated to all staff by email”

    Source location

    2021-0226-Response-from-Practice-Plus-Group_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 July 2021

    Open published response
  9. Norfolk

    AI-generated summary

    Peggy COPEMAN · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mrs Peggy Copeman became unresponsive and was declared dead at the scene while being transported by ambulance on the M11. Concerns included delayed recognition of her deterioration, delay in calling emergency services, ineffective CPR because of her position, and inadequate CPR training among the transporting staff.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to promptly recognise and respond to respiratory distress or cardiac arrest during patient transport

    Wider context from the report

    “1. PRAS Response Policy provides that staff escorting patients “are to be fully trained in Basic Life Support (BLS) and are deemed to be competent to apply the techniques when needed. Staff can notice any changes or deteriorating patients and act appropriately in line with BLS training. Starting with Primary assessments followed by secondary assessment then commencing CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for ambulance to arrive ... “ 2. The evidence so far is that during transit, Peggy did not respond when being called or when moving her head and on being noted as being unresponsive, emergency services were not called immediately but calls were initially made to Cygnet and then PRAS. CPR was started on being told to do so by emergency services 3. On attendance by Paramedics it was noted that due to the position of the patient in the back of the van, CPR was ineffective 4. A report has been obtained from a Consultant Cardiologist and General Physician as an expert witness who is of the firm view that the staff transporting Mrs Copeman did not recognise she was in respiratory distress and/or cardiac arrest and that she had effectively died whilst sat between them 5. Only one member of staff out of three had training in CPR 6. An internal investigation (undated) carried out shortly after the incident did not raise concern about these matters 7. A statement provided by the Compliance Manager, PRAS, dated 7 May 2021 concludes that “the ambulance was adequately staffed to enable the journey to be safely carried out”, despite only one member of staff being trained in CPR contrary to PRAS’s own Conveyance Policy ”

    Source location

    Peggy COPEMAN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide basic life-support and CPR training to all patient-conveying staff, including drivers, completing internal training as external certificates expire.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “1. In response to the concerns raised by the Coroner, Premier Rescue Ambulance Services Ltd., have made a decision that ALL members of staff, including drivers, are to have training in relation to CPR. As a consequence of this decision, ████████ has attended the following courses:”

    Source location

    2021-0182-Response-from-Premier-Rescue-Ambulance-Service-Ltd_Published
    Page 1 · response
    Published 2 June 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement a transport policy refusing patients who are not awake and responsive, requiring medical fitness confirmation and medication details for transfer risk assessment.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “7. Premier Rescue Ambulance Service Ltd., have now implemented a Policy that they are no longer prepared to accept for transport, patients who are not awake and responsive at the commencement of the journey. This is so they can actually assess any changes in their behaviour on the journey. They will also require a signed document from a qualified Medical Practitioner confirming a patient’s fitness to travel and also require a detailed list of medications patients are receiving so as to enable them to carry out a risk assessment as to whether it is appropriate for those patients to be transferred by Premier Rescue Ambulance Service Ltd. The detailed list of medications will be reviewed by ████████ and ████████. Those Policies have been implemented immediately.”

    Source location

    2021-0182-Response-from-Premier-Rescue-Ambulance-Service-Ltd_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 2 June 2021

    Open published response
  10. Inner South London

    AI-generated summary

    Mr Joseph Agnew · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mr Joseph Agnew suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after being removed from a bus and left in a bus shelter, was later found unresponsive, and died five days after admission with a devastating brain injury. The report raised concerns about police training and assessment of intoxicated people with reduced responsiveness, including recognising snoring and monitoring breathing, post-incident learning, and the lack of a safe referral facility for acutely intoxicated homeless people found on buses.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to recognise snoring as a potential sign of partial airway obstruction requiring medical attention in people with reduced consciousness

    Wider context from the report

    “2. For the attention of CoLP, MPS and College of Policing: No police officers who gave evidence understood the significance of snoring in a person with a reduced level of consciousness, nor how to monitor breathing. My independent expert in A&E gave evidence that snoring indicates partial airway obstruction. He dismissed perceptions of officers that there was such a thing as good or bad snoring. He opined that in a person with reduced consciousness officers should assume that snoring needs medical attention. The person needs assessment to exclude when it is not a concern. Whilst he acknowledged the difficulty of assessing breathing, he stressed its importance as an indication of medical emergency, gave little weight to the value of chest movements which officers used, and highlighted the danger signs of very slow or very fast breathing. He also stressed that concern for medical attention should be triggered by unrousability. The evidence suggested that officers were unaware of all these matters and had not learnt how to effectively monitor breathing. ”

    Source location

    Mr Joseph Agnew · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop and provide a vulnerability learning programme supporting consistent identification of hidden medical conditions and other risks requiring intervention.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The PCDA places a high level of emphasis on the potential vulnerability of a person who, because of their situation or circumstances, is unable to take care or protect themself from harm or exploitation. This includes the importance of considering the possibility of hidden medical conditions or non-visible signs that may lead to a person being vulnerable. The College has developed a vulnerability learning programme which supports the PCDA programme and can also be used for officers who have not been trained through the PCDA to ensure consistency in learning.”

    Source location

    2021-0055-Response-from-College-of-Policing-Redacted
    Page 4 · response
    Published 1 March 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Align officers’ first-aid training with Metropolitan Police guidance on snoring, airway obstruction, jaw thrust, and breathing monitoring.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I would, however, confirm that my instructions are that the first aid training of City of London Police officers will henceforth fall in line with that given to Metropolitan Police officers, who you heard are now trained specifically to recognise that snoring in a person with a reduced level of consciousness is a sign of airway obstruction which must be rectified and are taught to perform the “jaw thrust” that was described to you by ████████ the Metropolitan Police Service’s Senior Adviser, First Aid, Policy, Assurance and Training, in her evidence before you. DCI ████████ has confirmed that this will be thoroughly covered in the first aid training provided to City of London Police officers. Officers will be taught how to monitor breathing and will be taught not to seek to rely on being able to see the casualty’s chest rise and fall.”

    Source location

    2021-0055-Response-from-City-of-London-Police-Redacted
    Page 2 · response
    Published 1 March 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The programme cannot provide detailed training covering every medical emergency or policing context because officers attend a wide range of incidents.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The FALP has five modules and the national recommendation is that police officers receive a minimum of Module 2 training (the equivalent to the qualification of a HSE Emergency First Aider). While Module 2 does not seek to provide detailed coverage of all specific medical conditions it does allow officers and staff to make an assessment of the casualty, including the known factors that may present a risk to their health.”

    Source location

    2021-0055-Response-from-College-of-Policing-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 1 March 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Chief Officers may add medical training where local force risk assessments identify a critical need, under local clinical governance advice.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “It is recognised that some areas of policing, such as working in custody environments, firearms operations or public order teams, require additional skills and knowledge. The relevant staff have additional FALP training modules available to ensure they are prepared for situations they are likely to encounter in their specialist roles. Additionally, where local force risk assessments identify a critical need, Chief Officers are able to add additional medical training provisions under the advice of local clinical governance.”

    Source location

    2021-0055-Response-from-College-of-Policing-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 1 March 2021

    Open published response
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Data last updated 7 September 2026