Recurring concern

Delays in ambulance attendance

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First reported 24 Feb 2014•Latest report 23 Mar 2026

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes recurring failures, resource constraints, dispatch problems and other dedicated ambulance-service response failures that result in delayed attendance to patients or emergency calls.

Not included

  • Excludes delays occurring after ambulance arrival, including hospital handover and crew-release delays.
  • Excludes delays in other emergency services, such as police, fire and rescue, or specialist clinical on-call attendance.
  • Excludes generic staffing, capacity or information-sharing deficiencies unless the reports explicitly tie them to delayed ambulance attendance.
Reports
118

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
129

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2014–2026

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
460

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care53
NHS England25
Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust22
Betsi Cadwaladr University LHB9
North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust8
Association of Ambulance Chief Executives7
East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust7
East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust6
Welsh Government6
Conwy County Borough Council4
Denbighshire County Council4
Flintshire County Council4
Gwynedd Council4
Isle of Anglesey County Council4
NHS West Yorkshire Integrated Care Board4

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Inner South London

    AI-generated summary

    Mr Ian McDonald Taylor · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mr Ian McDonald Taylor suffered a cardiac arrest after a physical altercation while in police detention and died in hospital. Concerns included the police officer’s assessment and communication of Mr Taylor’s breathing difficulties, access to his inhaler while awaiting an ambulance, and the exceptionally delayed ambulance response.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of timely paramedic response during exceptional ambulance-service demand

    Wider context from the report

    “Because of wholly exceptional demands on the ambulance service, a paramedic was not available until after he had suffered a cardio-respiratory arrest, from which he did not survive. A consultant paramedic and London Ambulance Service Director was asked about the feasibility of an inhaler device being available to police to offer to known asthmatics in exceptional circumstances when medical help was not available, such as is now in place in schools. He said that there were many difficulties: The difficulties included the adequacy of assessment of need by non medically trained persons on the scene, the difficulties of remote assessment, the threshold for confirmation of the person in distress being an established asthmatic, avoiding giving it to those with non asthmatic causes of breathlessness, and police training. Nevertheless he said that lives might be saved and it should be looked at. Advice was given to the court that such a proposal would need legislative change. ”

    Source location

    Mr Ian McDonald Taylor · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  2. North Wales (East and Central)

    AI-generated summary

    Raymond Gillespie · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Raymond Gillespie, a care home resident with multiple comorbidities, suffered an unwitnessed fall on 8 October 2021 and waited almost 15 hours for a paramedic response after calls to the Welsh Ambulance Service Trust. The report identified delays caused by resource availability and ambulance handover delays, with a continuing risk of future deaths or harm while patients await transfer or community paramedic assistance.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Risk of deaths associated with delayed ambulance transfer or unavailability

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The first cause of the delay given was that all available resources were managing incidents of a higher acuity or same category but registered prior to this call (2) The second cause of the delay was a handover delay across all BCUHB sites. A total of 131.1 hours were lost in delay of handovers on 9 October 2021. (3) Whilst on the evidence it was not found that the delay contributed to Mr Gillespie’s death there remains a significant risk that deaths will continue to occur or that future deaths will occur either with patients waiting to be transferred into hospital from the ambulance or by ambulances not being available to those in the community requiring paramedic assistance and transfer to hospital. (4) The matters of concern herein are longstanding and despite proposed future action the concerns remain. ”

    Source location

    Raymond Gillespie · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

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    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to make ambulance resources available for lower-priority or later-registered calls

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The first cause of the delay given was that all available resources were managing incidents of a higher acuity or same category but registered prior to this call (2) The second cause of the delay was a handover delay across all BCUHB sites. A total of 131.1 hours were lost in delay of handovers on 9 October 2021. (3) Whilst on the evidence it was not found that the delay contributed to Mr Gillespie’s death there remains a significant risk that deaths will continue to occur or that future deaths will occur either with patients waiting to be transferred into hospital from the ambulance or by ambulances not being available to those in the community requiring paramedic assistance and transfer to hospital. (4) The matters of concern herein are longstanding and despite proposed future action the concerns remain. ”

    Source location

    Raymond Gillespie · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  3. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    JOHN SCOTT MURPHY · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    John Scott Murphy, who had recently tested positive for Covid-19, deteriorated while alone at home and called the ambulance service at 03:20 on 11 July 2021. An ambulance arrived at 05:21, by which time he had died; the inquest concluded that the death was from natural causes, with Covid-19 pneumonitis and hypertensive heart disease recorded. The substantive concerns were delays in paramedics attending Category 2 calls due to staff and vehicle shortages, and ambulances being delayed at Accident and Emergency departments.

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    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in paramedic attendance at Category 2 calls

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) Despite a number of measures being undertaken by the North West Ambulance Service, the delay in paramedics attending Category 2 calls has not been resolved to within target ranges because there are residual staff and emergency vehicle shortages. ”

    Source location

    JOHN SCOTT MURPHY · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Allocate £150 million in 2022/23 system funding to support ambulance-service pressures, including response-time improvements and call-handler recruitment.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The government is committed to supporting the ambulance service to manage the pressures it is facing, ensuring that people receive the treatment that they need when they need it. Ambulance trusts receive continuous central monitoring and support from the NHS England funded National Ambulance Coordination Centre, and there is a range of support in place to improve performance. In addition, NHS England has allocated £150 million of additional system funding for ambulance service pressures in 2022/23, supporting improvements to response times through additional call handler recruitment, retention and other funding pressures.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 29 April 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Increase the NHS ambulance and support workforce by 40% compared with February 2010.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “You may wish to know that we have also made significant investments in the ambulance workforce. The number of NHS ambulance and support staff has increased by 40% since February 2010, and Health Education England has mandated a target to train 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally per annum from 2021-2024, further increasing the domestic paramedic workforce to meet future demands on the service. The number of national 999 call handlers has also been boosted to over 2,300 at the start of May 2022, about 400 more than September 2021, with potential for services to increase capacity further during 2022/23. Additionally, a £1.3 million national campaign for the 999 ambulance call handlers was initiated in March to support trusts.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 29 April 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Mandate annual training of 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally from 2021 through 2024.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “You may wish to know that we have also made significant investments in the ambulance workforce. The number of NHS ambulance and support staff has increased by 40% since February 2010, and Health Education England has mandated a target to train 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally per annum from 2021-2024, further increasing the domestic paramedic workforce to meet future demands on the service. The number of national 999 call handlers has also been boosted to over 2,300 at the start of May 2022, about 400 more than September 2021, with potential for services to increase capacity further during 2022/23. Additionally, a £1.3 million national campaign for the 999 ambulance call handlers was initiated in March to support trusts.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 29 April 2022

    Open published response
  4. Gwent

    AI-generated summary

    Barbara YOUNG · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Barbara Young fell downstairs at home, sustained multiple injuries, developed pneumonia after becoming immobile in hospital, and died on 23 July 2021. The principal concern was that an ambulance took approximately three hours to arrive despite information about her severe injuries and reduced consciousness; the report states that it could not confirm whether the delay contributed to her death, but identified an ongoing risk from delays in timely emergency response.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in providing a timely emergency ambulance response

    Wider context from the report

    “I am informed that the risk of mortality in the elderly who have suffered significant trauma is high, because they are at greater risk of developing pneumonia. It is therefore essential that they receive emergency medical care as soon as possible. In this case it took 3 hours for an ambulance to arrive and whilst I have no evidence that this delay contributed to Mrs Young’s death similarly I cannot confirm it did not, and that future lives could be at risk due to the delays in providing a timely emergency response. I acknowledge the problems faced by the ambulance service over the last 2 years, problems that have been compounded by the effects of the pandemic and delays in transferring patients into hospital emergency departments. I have also been informed that there have been plans in place to improve the responsiveness of the service however from the evidence provided at this inquest it appears that problems still exist. ”

    Source location

    Barbara YOUNG · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Double Clinical Contact Centre clinical staffing to reduce unnecessary ambulance dispatches and conveyance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Consult and Close”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with Health Boards to minimise hospital handover delays through on-site support and prioritisation of patients with greatest clinical need.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Handover Delays”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Recruit Patient Flow Coordinators and secure winter private ambulance clinician support to facilitate safe, timely hospital transfers.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “with assistance from nursing and medical staff, prioritising those patients with the greatest clinical need. As an example, a number of Patient Flow Coordinators have been recruited to support the wider system flow pressures at the Grange Hospital, Cwmbran. In addition, we secured support from Private Ambulance Service clinicians over the winter months. The purpose of the approach is to facilitate safe timely transfers for a cohort of patients from the Trust ambulances when there is no capacity within the Emergency Department (ED) or elsewhere in the hospital to facilitate timely off-load. That said, delayed transfer of care remains a significant barrier our ability to respond to calls in the community in a timely fashion with 25% of our on duty fleet capacity lost in this way in February.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Support out-of-hours patient discharge and transfer to release hospital beds and improve emergency-department flow.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Discharge and Transfer”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue recruiting and training Advanced Paramedic Practitioners to treat suitable patients in their homes and reduce unnecessary emergency-department conveyance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Reducing Conveyance to ED Departments”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement and use the enhanced Clinical Safety Plan to manage extreme pressure, communicate delays, and protect responses for immediately life-threatening conditions.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Clinical Safety Plan (CSP)”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Increase the pan-Wales workforce by 236 full-time-equivalent staff through recruitment and training.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Accordingly, the Trust has increased its workforce by 236 Full Time Equivalent staff, pan-Wales. The staff have been recruited and trained as part of our established Emergency Medical Services Operational Ambulance Programme. Additionally, we will reroster all staff during Q3 22/23 to ensure staff are on duty at the time and in the place that best match patient demand. This will release an internal efficiency equivalent to 72 FTE.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 4 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Reroster all staff during the third quarter of 2022–23 to align staffing with patient demand and release internal efficiency.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Accordingly, the Trust has increased its workforce by 236 Full Time Equivalent staff, pan-Wales. The staff have been recruited and trained as part of our established Emergency Medical Services Operational Ambulance Programme. Additionally, we will reroster all staff during Q3 22/23 to ensure staff are on duty at the time and in the place that best match patient demand. This will release an internal efficiency equivalent to 72 FTE.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 4 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Refer elderly falls categorisation to the Clinical Priority Software Advisory Group for consideration.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The appropriateness of the priority given to each category of call is reviewed and changes are considered by the Trust’s Clinical Priority Software Advisory Group (CPAS). In all cases the group will consider the impact any change would have on the volume of each priority of calls received, for example the effect of increasing the number of Red calls would have an impact on all other codes. The CPAS group also sets an “ideal” response for each type of call, in an attempt to maximise efficient use of resources by avoiding “double dispatch” on calls.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 4 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue reviewing and updating falls and frailty dispatch guidance to optimise resource use and support correct outcomes.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “CSD clinicians have the ability to change the responding priority of an incident based on a secondary clinical assessment, this includes increasing the priority where the patient’s clinical acuity indicates this is appropriate. Dispatch guidelines regarding falls and frailty responders are continually reviewed and updated to ensure maximum utilisation of this valuable resource, part of the CSD role is to provide support to falls assistants following an initial assessment to ensure the correct outcome is reached.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 4 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Maintain the Falls Assistant response model, including the National Falls Assistant Service and additional Trust-funded night vehicles.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Additionally, in 2018, Working in partnership with St John Cymru Wales, the Trust introduced the role of the Falls Assistants (FA). The FA predominately provide a response to patients who have no injuries or where there is a concern for welfare. However, they are able to respond to patients with other medical/fragile presentations, or if there is an injury. This decision will often be supported by a clinical triage and assessment by a clinician, over the phone, prior to allocation. The aim of this new level of response was to ensure those patients often presenting with lower clinical acuity, were provided with a timely response to reduce the risk of further harm.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 5 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with community first responders and Fire and Rescue Services to provide designated responses for patients who have fallen.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In addition to the specialist falls response, the Trust are working with volunteers (community first responders) and Fire and Rescue Services to provide a designated response to patients who have fallen to ensure periods of immobility are reduced. Enhanced Clinical Desk capacity has been introduced with the Clinical Contact Centre, which ensures patients receive targeted advice when waiting for a response including advice in relation to pressure ulcers and reducing the period of immobility. This is provided as part of the telephone triage and assessment.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 5 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review falls Medical Priority Dispatch System codes and assign four suitable codes directly to Falls Assistants without clinical triage.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust continues to work with partners to further expand the model, to ensure patients are able to receive a timely response. In December the Trust undertook a review of the Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS) codes for Falls to determine if there were opportunities to improve the timeliness of response. Following a review, four codes were identified as suitable for Falls Assistants (non-registered, in some areas St John Service) to attend without the need for Clinical Triage, thus reducing the requirement to send an Emergency Ambulance. Furthermore, improvements are actively being considered to improve utilisation of resources and support patients who are waiting for a response. A Quality Improvement Workshop has been prioritised for April, with representatives from across the organisation to identify tests of change and prioritise improvements.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 5 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    System pressures, including hospital handover delays and staffing impacts, limit the Trust’s ability to provide the desired ambulance response level.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I am able to provide you with absolute assurance that the negative and sometimes catastrophic impact the systems pressures are having on patients in our communities is constantly being reviewed and escalated at the highest level. I can also assure you, that the Trust has already taken many actions to try and mitigate the effects of ambulances being delayed at hospital, which then effects our ability to respond to people in the community. As I am sure you will appreciate, none of these matters sit in isolation but are interlinked. I wish to assure you that the Trust has made several changes and taken actions, over and above those I have listed here. However, I have selected the issues and actions that I hope best demonstrates that the Trust has considered every possible way in which we can react to and mitigate the impact of these pressures, which are fundamentally outside of our control.”

    Source location

    2022-0027-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 3 February 2022

    Open published response
  5. Norfolk

    AI-generated summary

    Kyriacos Athanasis · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Kyriacos Athanasis, an 88-year-old man with frailty and several medical conditions, fell down stairs and sustained an unstable cervical spine fracture. Delays transferring him from an ambulance and diagnosing the fracture were followed by pneumonia, and he died after deteriorating. The principal concerns were emergency department overcrowding, insufficient ambulance patient safety checks, delayed diagnosis and treatment, and resulting risks to patients awaiting ambulance transfer or care.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in ambulances attending other emergencies

    Wider context from the report

    “(4) The Emergency department staff gave evidence that they regularly have too many patients in the department and cannot find space to safely allow ambulances to transfer patients into their care and then leave. The staff at the Trust indicated that they did not consider that locally there were any further steps they could take and gave evidence this was a more complex problem, predominately due to the Trust’s inability to discharge patients who are medically fit to be discharged and occupying much needed beds. This in turn means that they are unable to move patients from the emergency department to beds in the hospital in a timely manner which leads to them not having capacity to admit patients brought in by ambulances. This clearly means that ambulances are delayed and in turn are unable to attend other emergencies in a timely manner. ”

    Source location

    Kyriacos Athanasis · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue commissioning Hospital Ambulance Liaison Officers across the three acute hospitals to coordinate handover and ambulance turnaround.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The ICB continues to commission the East of England Ambulance Service Trust to provide the Hospital Ambulance Liaison Officer (HALO) role at our three Acute Hospitals. The HALO works closely with hospital Site Managers and clinical staff, along with the ambulance Emergency Operational Control (EOC) room, to provide day to day co-ordination of emergency and ambulance staff in line with Trust policies and procedures to reduce ambulance turnaround times, prioritise patients for handover into ED and ensure that patients in the local communities receive the appropriate response to emergency calls. Additionally, the ICB has supported the early implementation of an ambulance ‘rapid release’ protocol, to enable crews waiting to handover to immediately release a patient into the care of the hospital to attend to a patient in the community, in a life-threatening condition.”

    Source location

    Response from Norfolk and Waveney Integrated Care Board
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement the ambulance rapid-release protocol across the three acute hospitals for specified clinical circumstances.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The ICB continues to commission the East of England Ambulance Service Trust to provide the Hospital Ambulance Liaison Officer (HALO) role at our three Acute Hospitals. The HALO works closely with hospital Site Managers and clinical staff, along with the ambulance Emergency Operational Control (EOC) room, to provide day to day co-ordination of emergency and ambulance staff in line with Trust policies and procedures to reduce ambulance turnaround times, prioritise patients for handover into ED and ensure that patients in the local communities receive the appropriate response to emergency calls. Additionally, the ICB has supported the early implementation of an ambulance ‘rapid release’ protocol, to enable crews waiting to handover to immediately release a patient into the care of the hospital to attend to a patient in the community, in a life-threatening condition.”

    Source location

    Response from Norfolk and Waveney Integrated Care Board
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deploy additional ambulance resources across the three acute trusts to cohort suitable patients and release community response capacity.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Additionally, in order to effect earlier release of ambulance resources into the community, additional ambulance resources have been utilised across all three Acute Trusts to enable cohorting of suitable patients, thereby releasing ambulance resources. Whilst this does not address directly, ambulance handover times it does improve the safety of patients within the community who would otherwise face longer waits for ambulance attendance. This is supported by established frameworks which identify the scope of clinical practice of the available hospital staff members and is further supported by provider and system level escalation frameworks such as the OPEL and critical incident management framework.”

    Source location

    Response from Norfolk and Waveney Integrated Care Board
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Support provider-level ambulance-waiting safety arrangements, including the JPUH pit-stop assessment model and additional temporary staffing.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In addition to the above, the ICB has continued to support provider-level actions to increase oversight of patients in waiting ambulances, enabling collaboration between ambulance and hospital providers to put in place new ways of working to maintain patient safety, that transcend traditional organisational responsibilities. For example, this includes a ‘pit-stop’ assessment model that came into effect at JPUH in June 2022, which enables early diagnostics to be commenced for patients before they enter the ED. This initiative was supported by the use of additional temporary staff including the use of reservists, additional bank staff and medical”

    Source location

    Response from Norfolk and Waveney Integrated Care Board
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide additional ambulance funding to expand capacity and deliver new ambulances.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We are taking a number of steps to improve ambulance response times. Ambulance trusts are receiving an additional £200 million of funding this year to expand capacity and deliver new ambulances, helping patients receive the treatment they need. We are also delivering 6”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver six new ambulance hubs to reduce handover delays.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We are taking a number of steps to improve ambulance response times. Ambulance trusts are receiving an additional £200 million of funding this year to expand capacity and deliver new ambulances, helping patients receive the treatment they need. We are also delivering 6”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The rapid-release protocol can only be mobilised in specific clinical circumstances, limiting its use to reduce ambulance handover delays.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The ICB continues to commission the East of England Ambulance Service Trust to provide the Hospital Ambulance Liaison Officer (HALO) role at our three Acute Hospitals. The HALO works closely with hospital Site Managers and clinical staff, along with the ambulance Emergency Operational Control (EOC) room, to provide day to day co-ordination of emergency and ambulance staff in line with Trust policies and procedures to reduce ambulance turnaround times, prioritise patients for handover into ED and ensure that patients in the local communities receive the appropriate response to emergency calls. Additionally, the ICB has supported the early implementation of an ambulance ‘rapid release’ protocol, to enable crews waiting to handover to immediately release a patient into the care of the hospital to attend to a patient in the community, in a life-threatening condition.”

    Source location

    Response from Norfolk and Waveney Integrated Care Board
    Page 3 · response
    Published 9 January 2023

    Open published response
  6. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Martin Keith Sullivan · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Martin Keith Sullivan, aged 15, died on 24 November 2019 after experiencing a severe asthma attack. He was prioritised as Category 2 during two 999 calls, and his father was not asked about taking him directly to hospital; ambulance delays followed before Martin was taken to hospital, where resuscitation was unsuccessful. Concerns included whether the MPDS algorithm and call-handler script recognised the severity of his symptoms, whether Category 2 response times could be met, and whether direct transport to hospital should have been discussed.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to provide timely Category 2 ambulance responses during periods of high demand

    Wider context from the report

    “3. This was clearly a busy shift for NWAS, notwithstanding that the service was at 97% of commissioned capacity. 111 ambulances instead of 112 – having increased from 67 circa one hour previously, and it is likely that this was probably building from the reduced numbers of ambulance over the earlier period. The EA that eventually arrived was outside the 90ᵗʰ percentile target of 40mins. There is a clear history of NWAS being unable to meet NHS Cat 2 target times, in particular during Qs 3 & 4. NWAS Annual reports 2018/19 Yearly Category 2 targets: mean - 24.14mins and 90% - 52.31, with increased times for Qs 3&4. The Category 1,3 &4 targets are generally well met. 2019/20 Yearly Category 2 targets: mean – 26 mins and 90% - 56.27 mins, with increased times for Qs 3&4. The Category 1,3 &4 targets are generally well met. I understand that resource funding was applied for in November 19 and has been utilised from February 2020. ”

    Source location

    Martin Keith Sullivan · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide significant commissioner investment in the ambulance service to support response standards and frontline capacity.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The investment over recent years has been in response to changes in demand and the national Ambulance Response Programme (ARP) standards that were introduced in August 2017. This replaced the previous targets with a fairer system whereby ambulance trusts would be measured on both their mean and their 90th percentile performance for each category of patient. Commissioners have invested significantly in the ambulance service since the introduction of the ARP standards.”

    Source location

    2021-0056-Response-from-Clinical-Commissioning-Group-Redacted
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 March 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    NWAS, rather than commissioners, determines ambulance deployment, planned resources, shift arrangements and operational service delivery.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At the point of contract agreement, it is then for NWAS to implement an approach that will deliver the outcomes agreed, i.e. ARP standards. Commissioners do not specifically determine how many ambulances they have, where these are distributed, what shift times they operate and so on. This level of operational detail is down to internal NWAS planning and service delivery.”

    Source location

    2021-0056-Response-from-Clinical-Commissioning-Group-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 8 March 2021

    Open published response
  7. Brighton and Hove

    AI-generated summary

    Lisa CODLING · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Lisa Codling, aged 49, took an overdose of paracetamol on 5 September 2020 after an emotionally charged encounter, and her death was confirmed by paramedics that evening. The principal concern was that the ambulance took 3 hours and 10 minutes to arrive; the inquest found that earlier arrival might have allowed ICU treatment that could have changed the outcome.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in ambulance response to acute overdose emergencies

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) In her email of 12th October 2020 ████████ gave (in response to my question) her reply as to why South East Coast Ambulance Service would not be conducting a Serious Incident Report. The penultimate point stated “clinicians advise that paracetamol will not kill a patient within a 3 hour timeframe although a paracetamol overdose should still be considered in time sensitive emergency.” In this case of acute overdose the ambulance service took 3 hours and 10 minutes to arrive. Too late for Ms. Codling. ”

    Source location

    Lisa CODLING · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Refer intentional and unintentional overdose calls to a clinician before dispatching an ambulance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “❖ The Trust had implemented (from 1 May 2020) a process that exceeded NHS Pathways’ current requirements by referring intentional/unintentional overdose calls to a clinician; that new process was correctly followed. ❖ The Mental Health Clinician successfully negotiated with Ms Codling, who denied taking an overdose, to have an ambulance attend; without such professional negotiation it is apparent that Ms Codling, who evidently presented as possessing Mental Capacity, would have chosen to have no response. ❖ At all stages SECAmb preferred the information from Ms Codling’s partner and acted accordingly and in her best interest. ❖ Ms Codling’s partner stated that he had seen her take ████████ paracetamol tablets. This was the baseline information which would not have been a toxic overdose based on the average size of an adult female, and this was confirmed by post mortem findings.”

    Source location

    2021-0047-Response-from-South-East-Coast-Ambulance-Service-Redacted
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 February 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Discuss the case with the NHS England and NHS Improvement national clinical lead developing an overdose triage and clinical oversight framework.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Action that SECAmb has taken/proposes to take”

    Source location

    2021-0047-Response-from-South-East-Coast-Ambulance-Service-Redacted
    Page 4 · response
    Published 22 February 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Meet NHS Pathways to share learning and progress concerns recorded on the Pathways issue log.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We further propose to:”

    Source location

    2021-0047-Response-from-South-East-Coast-Ambulance-Service-Redacted
    Page 5 · response
    Published 22 February 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Rapid fatality after paracetamol overdose is considered extremely rare, with typical fatal toxicity progressing over days to weeks rather than hours.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Rapid death as a result of paracetamol ingestion is a very rare event. The members of our Serious Incident group, which includes a multi-professional team of consultant and other senior clinicians from medicine, paramedicine and nursing, had not witnessed or encountered this presentation. Our Medical Director and Assistant Medical Director, who are both experienced Consultants in Emergency Medicine, had not encountered any such cases, nor had their Consultant in Emergency Medicine colleagues. It is for this reason that it was stated in the Serious Incident group that patients do not die from paracetamol overdose within a three-hour timeframe. Clinicians’ experience of fatality following paracetamol overdose is a”

    Source location

    2021-0047-Response-from-South-East-Coast-Ambulance-Service-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 22 February 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Upgrading all overdoses, including paracetamol overdoses, to Category 2 is not feasible because it could adversely affect responses to confirmed life-threatening cases.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “After careful consideration, we do not believe that it is feasible to upgrade all overdoses, including paracetamol overdose, to a C2 disposition, as this would have a deleterious effect on responses to those patients who are confirmed as requiring this level of response through presenting with a potentially life-threatening complaints.”

    Source location

    2021-0047-Response-from-South-East-Coast-Ambulance-Service-Redacted
    Page 5 · response
    Published 22 February 2021

    Open published response
  8. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Anthony Slack · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Anthony Slack, who had underlying health issues including asbestos-related pulmonary fibrosis, suffered an unwitnessed fall at a care home and waited over four hours for an ambulance. He later deteriorated, was transferred to hospital, and died on 13 April 2020. Concerns included limited care-home documentation and observations, unclear Covid-19 admission risk assessment and PPE arrangements, and ambulance delays linked to pandemic-related capacity pressures.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient ambulance availability for timely transport to an acute setting

    Wider context from the report

    “5. The inquest heard that the ambulance was delayed due to shortages of available ambulances. The inquest was told this was driven by a number of factors. This included staff absences due to the need to self-isolate awaiting testing and the increased cleaning needs in relation to ambulances required by Covid 19. The inquest was told that at some points in the day and in some acute trusts, ambulance crews were being supported by on-site cleaning crews. This meant quicker turnaround times and increased capacity. This was not consistent and not on a 24/7 basis. As a result, ambulances were struggling to reach vulnerable and unwell members of the public and transport them to an acute setting. ”

    Source location

    Anthony Slack · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue monitoring regional ambulance performance and delays through engagement, performance reports, internal meetings, monthly meetings and national forums.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We are continually monitoring the regional ambulance picture, through ongoing engagement, performance reports and internal meetings.”

    Source location

    2020-0264-Response-from-CQC-Redacted
    Page 6 · response
    Published 4 January 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Documentation, observations, vulnerability assessment, COVID-19 transmission, and ambulance delay were outside the respondent’s remit, control, and responsibility.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “It is not appropriate that this response provides detail regarding points in the Regulation 28 Report on the limited details in documentation available at the inquest from the home, the quality of observations and assessment of vulnerability of Mr Slack, the route of transmission of COVID-19 into the home and the delay of the ambulance, as these are outside the remit, control and responsibility of PHE.”

    Source location

    2020-0264-Response-from-Public-Health-England-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 4 January 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Other named organisations, including the care home, regulators, NHS England, and the local partnership, were responsible for commenting on remaining concerns.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “PHE understands that the Regulation 28 Report has been sent to the Care Quality Commission, The Vicarage Residential Care Home, NHS England, Greater Manchester Health and social care partnership who will be able to comment on the remaining concerns. Additionally, PHE has shared this report with the DHSC who will provide further comment.”

    Source location

    2020-0264-Response-from-Public-Health-England-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 4 January 2021

    Open published response
  9. Gwent

    AI-generated summary

    Alyn Rees · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Alyn Rees became acutely unwell on 3 December 2019, experienced breathing difficulties, deteriorated into cardiac arrest, and died after paramedics were unable to revive him. Concerns were raised about the approximately two-hour wait for an emergency ambulance, the lack of advice about the expected arrival time, the absence of an indicated response time for an Amber 1 call, and delays transferring patients into hospital care that prevented ambulances from being released.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in emergency ambulance response

    Wider context from the report

    “However, the family raised concerns, with which I agreed, that 2 hours is a long time to wait for an emergency ambulance. At no time were the family advised of the expected time of arrival and potentially, if they had been aware of this, they may have contacted earlier the local GP. The report did not indicate what the expected response time for an Amber 1 call should be. I was advised that on this occasion there were significant delays (up to 3 hours) transferring patients into the care of Aneurin Bevan University Health Board Hospitals. This is also of significant concern as it prevented emergency ambulances being released. ”

    Source location

    Alyn Rees · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  10. Bedfordshire and Luton

    AI-generated summary

    Helen Jayne SHEATH · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Helen Jayne Sheath, who had a recent history of self-harm and suicidal ideation, ingested a fatal dose of sodium nitrate at home and died in hospital on 20 August 2018. Concerns included the initial ambulance call being coded as Category 3 rather than Category 2, subsequent delays in ambulance attendance, and the Community Mental Health Team leaving her home before gaining access despite being alerted to her threats to self-harm.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to maintain timely availability of a double staffed ambulance

    Wider context from the report

    “(2) Although a Double Staffed Ambulance (DSA) was dispatched at 18.30 hours, it was diverted on route to a higher priority emergency call and it was only after a second call was made to ambulance services at 18.48 hours, when the call handler selected the set of questions titled “Overdose/Poisoning/Ingestion” because it was said that it was suggested on this call that she had ingested the substance that the call was coded a Category 2 and that, due to the lack of DSA availability, at 18.57 hours a Rapid Response Vehicle (RRV) was dispatched with the Mental Health Street Triage Team who arrived at 19.05 and 19.11 hours respectively with a different DSA arriving at 19.25 hours. ”

    Source location

    Helen Jayne SHEATH · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026