Recurring concern

Insufficient ambulance service capacity for emergency calls

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First reported 9 Jan 2014•Latest report 2 Feb 2026

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes recurring deficiencies in ambulance-service capacity, including insufficient funded ambulances, crews, emergency-response vehicles, staffing or resource resilience where these limit the service's ability to cover emergency calls and meet operational demand.

Not included

  • Excludes delayed ambulance attendance, dispatch, call triage, radio communication and hospital handover failures when ambulance capacity itself is not the deficient condition.
  • Excludes emergency-service capacity outside ambulance services.
  • Excludes generic recruitment, retention or funding concerns unless they directly result in insufficient ambulance-service capacity for emergency calls.
  • Excludes a single unresourced call or isolated response delay where no continuing ambulance-capacity deficiency is asserted.
Reports
58

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
62

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2014–2026

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
208

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care32
NHS England11
Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust8
Association of Ambulance Chief Executives4
East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust4
East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust4
NHS Derby and Derbyshire Integrated Care Board3
North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust3
South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust3
Betsi Cadwaladr University LHB2
NHS Greater Manchester Integrated Care Board2
NHS North East and North Cumbria Integrated Care Board2
North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust2
Welsh Government2
Aneurin Bevan University LHB1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Ellen Lillian MacFarlane · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ellen Lillian MacFarlane had an accidental fall at her care home and waited over five hours for an ambulance before being taken to hospital, where she was found to have a fractured neck of femur. She underwent surgery, subsequently deteriorated, and died at Tameside General Hospital. The concerns included delays in ambulance provision and difficulties obtaining cardiac tests at weekends, contributing to delays in deciding when to operate on fractured neck of femur patients.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in ambulance response caused by insufficient ambulance crews and vehicles

    Wider context from the report

    “1. The inquest heard evidence that notwithstanding her age and frailty Ellen MacFarlane had to wait over 5 hours for an ambulance. This was due to the demands on the North West Ambulance Service on the day in question. The inquest heard that such delays were not unusual and were still occurring. The reason for the delay was a shortage of ambulance crews/vehicles due to a combination of high demand, staffing shortages and delays at ED; ”

    Source location

    Ellen Lillian MacFarlane · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Publish the delivery plan for recovering urgent and emergency care services.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As the Minister responsible for urgent and emergency care services, I recognise the significant pressure the urgent and emergency care system is facing. That is why we published our ‘Delivery plan for recovering urgent and emergency care services’ which aims to deliver sustained improvements in waiting times. Our ambitions for this year are to improve A&E waiting times to 78% of patients to be admitted, transferred, or discharged from A&E within”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide additional funding to expand ambulance capacity and improve response times.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your report highlights that NWAS were under high demand at the time of the incident. A primary aim of our delivery plan is to boost ambulance capacity. Ambulance services received £200 million of additional funding in 2023/24 to expand capacity and improve response times, and we are maintaining this additional capacity in 2024/25. This is alongside the delivery of new ambulances and specialist mental health vehicles. With more ambulances on the road, patients will receive the treatment they need more swiftly.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver new ambulances and specialist mental health vehicles to increase ambulance capacity.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your report highlights that NWAS were under high demand at the time of the incident. A primary aim of our delivery plan is to boost ambulance capacity. Ambulance services received £200 million of additional funding in 2023/24 to expand capacity and improve response times, and we are maintaining this additional capacity in 2024/25. This is alongside the delivery of new ambulances and specialist mental health vehicles. With more ambulances on the road, patients will receive the treatment they need more swiftly.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Maintain the additional ambulance capacity funded for 2023/24 during 2024/25.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your report highlights that NWAS were under high demand at the time of the incident. A primary aim of our delivery plan is to boost ambulance capacity. Ambulance services received £200 million of additional funding in 2023/24 to expand capacity and improve response times, and we are maintaining this additional capacity in 2024/25. This is alongside the delivery of new ambulances and specialist mental health vehicles. With more ambulances on the road, patients will receive the treatment they need more swiftly.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Increase ambulance workforce capacity through investment in NHS ambulance and support staff.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Regarding staffing capacity, we have made significant investments in the ambulance workforce – the number of NHS ambulance staff and support staff has increased by over 50% since 2010. To help ensure we have the ambulance workforce to meet the future demands on the service, the NHS Long Term Workforce Plan sets out plans to boost the number of paramedics by up to 15,600 to support future demand.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue working with NHS England to reduce ambulance waiting and response times.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “However, I recognise there is still more to do to reduce waiting/response times further, and the Government will continue to work with NHS England to achieve this.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Ambulance performance is reviewed through the existing Strategic Partnership and Transformation Board.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your report raises concerns about ambulance response times by North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust (NWAS) and access to hospital services. In preparing this response, Departmental officials have made enquiries with NHS England. I have been reassured by NWAS that ambulance performance is reviewed regularly via the Strategic Partnership and Transformation Board, a joint committee between NWAS and the Integrated Care Boards in the region and I am pleased to note performance by NWAS has improved since this sad case.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

    Open published response
  2. Norfolk

    AI-generated summary

    Barbara HOLLIS · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Barbara Hollis underwent a total left knee replacement and became restless, confused and progressively unwell afterwards. Although an ambulance was requested urgently for transfer to a high dependency unit, the agreed transfer pathway was not followed and attendance was delayed; she died in the early hours of 23 February 2022. The concern was that emergency ambulance availability and response delays could result in future deaths while remedial steps were being assessed.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of emergency ambulances during periods of high service demand

    Wider context from the report

    “4. There were no emergency ambulances to respond to the initial 999 call due to high demand on the service 5. It is accepted that EEAST have taken several steps following the increase in call demand and subsequent delays in responding to patients. However, evidence was heard that it will take up to a year to see if these steps are effective. In the meantime, there is concern that future deaths will occur ”

    Source location

    Barbara HOLLIS · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Establish a clinician escalation process for delayed inter-facility transfers, including clinical review, CAD documentation, prioritisation decisions and communication with requesting clinicians.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I met with ████████, Patient Safety Officer (EEAST) and ████████, Control Room Lead (EEAST) on the 13th October 2022 to discuss options to improve ambulance response times for inter-provider transfers. We discussed the pressure facing the ambulance service at this time in great detail and ████████ took the time to explain that it would not be possible to provide any assurance regarding ambulance response times or to agree an early notification or booking service as you had suggested, due to the requirement to manage demand through the existing triage and prioritisation system. However, we did acknowledge that the ability to have a clinician to clinician discussion, where Spire senior nursing or medical staff can speak to a clinical lead within EEAST would enable detailed information to be provided regarding the rationale for transfer and patient condition.”

    Source location

    Response from Spire Norwich Hospital
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue considering options to improve timely patient transfers, including liaison with private ambulance providers and national-level solution development.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We continue to consider other options to support timely transfer of patients, including liaison with private ambulance providers. The challenges with ambulance transfer delays have been reported to Spire Healthcare’s Executive committee and we are being supported to seek solutions to this challenge at a national level.”

    Source location

    Response from Spire Norwich Hospital
    Page 2 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Maintain the Norfolk D1 system call place with stakeholders to discuss lengthy hospital handover delays and interim measures.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At a local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at addressing the handover delays. D1 system call place has been between EEAST, and other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals and discuss any lengthy delays and interims where that need to be put in place. The ‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operate the Category 1 drop-and-go process so crews waiting at hospital can respond to Category 1 calls immediately.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At a local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at addressing the handover delays. D1 system call place has been between EEAST, and other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals and discuss any lengthy delays and interims where that need to be put in place. The ‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operate the Category 2 rapid-release programme to enable eligible crews to hand over patients within 10 minutes and respond to Category 2 calls.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At a local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at addressing the handover delays. D1 system call place has been between EEAST, and other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals and discuss any lengthy delays and interims where that need to be put in place. The ‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue regular executive-level escalation to address worsening hospital handover delays.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “To highlight the nature of the handover delays, last month we lost 6295 hours of ambulance time outside hospitals in Norfolk waiting to handover, after the 15-minute handover period (i.e., not including that time). This does not account for the hours spent ‘cohorting’ patients, nor the lost manager time supporting this. This can be seen the effect on our C2 response time is hugely significant and correlates directly with delayed handovers. Escalations continue to take place regularly at executive level to try and ease this situation, but the trend nevertheless is still currently worsening.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review the current delay action plan.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust is working hard with our system partners across the region to ensure that our patients are safe during this challenging period. Like all other ambulance trusts, we are also working with the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) to continue to escalate our concerns. I have attached our current delay action plan that has recently been reviewed.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

    Open published response
  3. Cheshire

    AI-generated summary

    Charles Stephen Rothwell · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Charles Stephen Rothwell was diagnosed with a chest infection on 5 January 2022, deteriorated the following day, and died after repeated 999 calls and a delayed ambulance response. The principal concern was that emergency ambulance demand continued to outstrip available capacity, creating a risk of future deaths, with wider pressures across primary, secondary and social care contributing to delays.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to match ambulance response capacity to demand

    Wider context from the report

    “1) NWAS have developed a new triage system and have adopted NHS Pathways, which means that the initial call would now be triaged as Category 1 or 2. However, the problem of demand outstripping supply remains, such that if the same 999 call were made today the outcome would be the same. 2) NWAS continues to experience “exceptionally high demand” with the effect that “the demand completely outstrips the capability [they] have got.” 3) By way of example, I was told that yesterday afternoon Category 2 responses (which should attract attendance within 18 minutes) were sitting at an average of 75 minutes, Category 3 responses (which should attract attendance within 120 minutes) were sitting at an average of 10.5h and category 4 responses (which should prompt a further telephone assessment within 90 – 180 minutes) were sitting at an average of 11.5h. 4) With the approach of winter NWAS are also beginning to see an even greater increase in demand on top of the existing demand. 5) The problem is not due to a shortage of NWAS ambulances or staff but instead is the result of a wider issue linked to the lack of resources in primary, secondary and social care. This results in demand for ambulances outstripping supply and a backlog of ambulances waiting to handover patients at A&E departments because of a shortage of A&E beds, which in turn is because of shortages in social care. ”

    Source location

    Charles Stephen Rothwell · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue lobbying national bodies for changes to reduce hospital handover delays and improve ambulance capacity.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “This is of course a system issue and AACE has constantly highlighted the impact of these delays on patients to both NHS England and DHSC. We will continue to do so and also support our members in engaging constructively with the wider health system to find solutions to the problem.”

    Source location

    Response from Association of Ambulance Chief Executives
    Page 2 · response
    Published 10 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    System-wide causes of ambulance delays must be addressed nationally by NHS England, the Department of Health and Social Care, and the wider health system.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As you have laid out in your fifth area above these are system issues and not merely ambulance issues and require a system led response to provide solutions. The following areas are contributing to ambulance response time delays nationally.”

    Source location

    Response from Association of Ambulance Chief Executives
    Page 2 · response
    Published 10 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    National demand-and-capacity modelling is to be led by NHS England rather than undertaken by the organisation.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The second issue in play here is that we believe that ambulance services no longer have the required capacity nationally to routinely deliver the nationally mandated response time targets even if the current handover delay issues were eliminated. This is due to an inexorable rise in demand for our services and an increasing level of acuity in terms of the calls being received. AACE has flagged this issue nationally repeatedly over the last few years and has called for a national piece of demand and capacity modelling across the sector led by NHSE. I am pleased to say that this is now gaining traction and whilst in its early stages is being pursued by NHSE at the present time.”

    Source location

    Response from Association of Ambulance Chief Executives
    Page 2 · response
    Published 10 October 2022

    Open published response
  4. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Irene Annie Davies · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Irene Annie Davies had multiple underlying health issues, including congestive cardiac failure and an infected nephrostomy associated with renal stones. After an accidental fall at home on 1 March 2022, she waited more than an hour for a Category 2 ambulance response, was taken to hospital, and was found unresponsive there on 2 March 2022. The substantive concerns included delays to renal stone surgery and delays in ambulance attendance due to service capacity and availability issues.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of ambulances for urgent responses

    Wider context from the report

    “2. The evidence given to the Inquest was that after falling Mrs Davies needed an ambulance urgently - a Category 2 response. The Inquest heard that the wait for the ambulance was very distressing and arrived outside the target times due to ambulance availability in Greater Manchester at that time. The Inquest heard evidence that there was an ongoing issue of ambulance availability. ”

    Source location

    Irene Annie Davies · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Invest an additional £3.3 billion in each of 2023–24 and 2024–25 to improve urgent and emergency care performance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As announced in the Autumn Statement, the government is investing an additional £3.3 billion in each of 2023-24 and 2024-25 to enable rapid action to improve urgent and emergency care performance towards pre-pandemic levels. The NHS will set out detailed recovery plans in the new year, including plans to improve Category 2 ambulance response times to 30 minutes.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 3 · response
    Published 5 October 2022

    Open published response
  5. Norfolk

    AI-generated summary

    Christina Avis RUSE · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Christina Avis RUSE underwent a total left hip replacement on 14 December 2021, deteriorated, and died on 15 December 2021 after transfer to hospital was required. The report raises concern about delays in ambulance availability and response during high demand, noting that future deaths may occur while measures to address the issue are assessed.

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    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient emergency ambulance availability for timely patient response

    Wider context from the report

    “1.EEAST were telephoned at 19.30 hours to request an ambulance to transport Mrs Ruse to the High Dependency Unit. This was coded as a Category 2 response, with the aim of responding within 40 minutes and with the average time of 18 minutes. 2. There were no emergency ambulances available to assign to this call due to high call demand. 3. An ambulance did not become available until 20.54 hours and arrived on scene at 20.57 hours, by which time Mrs Ruse had deteriorated further and had been taken back into the FEAST staff did wait (exceeding the period of their shift) and Mrs Ruse was taken to the High Dependency Unit at 22.42 hours. It is accepted that EEAST have taken several steps following the increase in call demand and subsequent delays in responding to patients. However evidence was heard that it will take up to a year to see if these steps are effective. In the meantime, there is concern that future deaths will occur. ”

    Source location

    Christina Avis RUSE · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Participate in daily system calls with hospitals and other stakeholders to address lengthy handover delays and interim measures.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At a local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at addressing the handover delays. Daily system calls take place between EAST, and other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals and discuss any lengthy delays and interim measures that need to be put in place. The ‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operate the Category 1 drop-and-go process to release crews for Category 1 emergencies.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At a local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at addressing the handover delays. Daily system calls take place between EAST, and other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals and discuss any lengthy delays and interim measures that need to be put in place. The ‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operate the Category 2 rapid-release programme to release crews within 10 minutes for validated Category 2 calls.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At a local level, the Trust has a number of ongoing actions in Norfolk aimed at addressing the handover delays. Daily system calls take place between EAST, and other stakeholders, chaired by the ICB (Integrated Care Board) and respective hospitals and discuss any lengthy delays and interim measures that need to be put in place. The ‘Category 1 drop and go’ and ‘Category 2 rapid release’ projects are also in place although these are not always available at the acute due to capacity.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review the current delay action plan.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust is working hard with our system partners across the region to ensure that our patients are safe during this challenging period. Like all other ambulance trusts, we are also working with the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) to continue to escalate our concerns. I have attached our current delay action plan that has recently been reviewed.”

    Source location

    Response from East of England Ambulance Service
    Page 1 · response
    Published 3 October 2022

    Open published response
  6. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Keith Hopwood · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Keith Hopwood fainted and felt very unwell before calling an ambulance, reporting chest pain during a later call. He was found unresponsive at home and could not be resuscitated; the medical cause of death was myocardial infarction due to stenotic coronary artery atheroma. The concerns included delays and resource pressures in the ambulance service, failure to upgrade the call category, limitations in the call-handling algorithm, the use of a private ambulance not equipped to deal with a cardiac patient, and the handling of a disconnected call when he was alone.

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    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient ambulance service resources to meet demand

    Wider context from the report

    “1. The inquest heard that the delays in relation to the ambulance service were due to significant resource issues for all ambulance services not just North West Ambulance Service. The inquest was told that the shortages were due to staffing levels and demand. Steps had been taken to try to increase resources but the ambulance service was still struggling to meet the demand. In this case it was clear that had the initial ambulance not have been rerouted due to demand and pressure on services that he would have been alive when he was seen and have been transported to hospital; ”

    Source location

    Keith Hopwood · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Invest in the ambulance workforce, increasing NHS ambulance and support staff numbers by over 40% since August 2010.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have made significant investments in the ambulance workforce, and the number of NHS ambulance staff and support staff has increased by over 40% since August 2010. Health Education England has a mandated target to train 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally per annum from 2021-2024, further increasing the domestic paramedic workforce to meet future demands on the service. St John Ambulance has also been contracted to deliver auxiliary ambulance services, providing national surge capacity of up to 5,000 hours per month to support the ambulance response during periods of increased pressure, allowing NHS ambulance crews to focus on responding to emergency calls.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 20 September 2022

    Open published response
  7. Inner South London

    AI-generated summary

    Mr Ian McDonald Taylor · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mr Ian McDonald Taylor suffered a cardiac arrest after a physical altercation while in police detention and died in hospital. Concerns included the police officer’s assessment and communication of Mr Taylor’s breathing difficulties, access to his inhaler while awaiting an ambulance, and the exceptionally delayed ambulance response.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of timely paramedic response during exceptional ambulance-service demand

    Wider context from the report

    “Because of wholly exceptional demands on the ambulance service, a paramedic was not available until after he had suffered a cardio-respiratory arrest, from which he did not survive. A consultant paramedic and London Ambulance Service Director was asked about the feasibility of an inhaler device being available to police to offer to known asthmatics in exceptional circumstances when medical help was not available, such as is now in place in schools. He said that there were many difficulties: The difficulties included the adequacy of assessment of need by non medically trained persons on the scene, the difficulties of remote assessment, the threshold for confirmation of the person in distress being an established asthmatic, avoiding giving it to those with non asthmatic causes of breathlessness, and police training. Nevertheless he said that lives might be saved and it should be looked at. Advice was given to the court that such a proposal would need legislative change. ”

    Source location

    Mr Ian McDonald Taylor · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  8. North Wales (East and Central)

    AI-generated summary

    Raymond Gillespie · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Raymond Gillespie, a care home resident with multiple comorbidities, suffered an unwitnessed fall on 8 October 2021 and waited almost 15 hours for a paramedic response after calls to the Welsh Ambulance Service Trust. The report identified delays caused by resource availability and ambulance handover delays, with a continuing risk of future deaths or harm while patients await transfer or community paramedic assistance.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Risk of deaths associated with delayed ambulance transfer or unavailability

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The first cause of the delay given was that all available resources were managing incidents of a higher acuity or same category but registered prior to this call (2) The second cause of the delay was a handover delay across all BCUHB sites. A total of 131.1 hours were lost in delay of handovers on 9 October 2021. (3) Whilst on the evidence it was not found that the delay contributed to Mr Gillespie’s death there remains a significant risk that deaths will continue to occur or that future deaths will occur either with patients waiting to be transferred into hospital from the ambulance or by ambulances not being available to those in the community requiring paramedic assistance and transfer to hospital. (4) The matters of concern herein are longstanding and despite proposed future action the concerns remain. ”

    Source location

    Raymond Gillespie · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to make ambulance resources available for lower-priority or later-registered calls

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The first cause of the delay given was that all available resources were managing incidents of a higher acuity or same category but registered prior to this call (2) The second cause of the delay was a handover delay across all BCUHB sites. A total of 131.1 hours were lost in delay of handovers on 9 October 2021. (3) Whilst on the evidence it was not found that the delay contributed to Mr Gillespie’s death there remains a significant risk that deaths will continue to occur or that future deaths will occur either with patients waiting to be transferred into hospital from the ambulance or by ambulances not being available to those in the community requiring paramedic assistance and transfer to hospital. (4) The matters of concern herein are longstanding and despite proposed future action the concerns remain. ”

    Source location

    Raymond Gillespie · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  9. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    JOHN SCOTT MURPHY · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    John Scott Murphy, who had recently tested positive for Covid-19, deteriorated while alone at home and called the ambulance service at 03:20 on 11 July 2021. An ambulance arrived at 05:21, by which time he had died; the inquest concluded that the death was from natural causes, with Covid-19 pneumonitis and hypertensive heart disease recorded. The substantive concerns were delays in paramedics attending Category 2 calls due to staff and vehicle shortages, and ambulances being delayed at Accident and Emergency departments.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Shortages of ambulance staff and emergency vehicles

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) Despite a number of measures being undertaken by the North West Ambulance Service, the delay in paramedics attending Category 2 calls has not been resolved to within target ranges because there are residual staff and emergency vehicle shortages. ”

    Source location

    JOHN SCOTT MURPHY · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Increase the NHS ambulance and support workforce by 40% compared with February 2010.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “You may wish to know that we have also made significant investments in the ambulance workforce. The number of NHS ambulance and support staff has increased by 40% since February 2010, and Health Education England has mandated a target to train 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally per annum from 2021-2024, further increasing the domestic paramedic workforce to meet future demands on the service. The number of national 999 call handlers has also been boosted to over 2,300 at the start of May 2022, about 400 more than September 2021, with potential for services to increase capacity further during 2022/23. Additionally, a £1.3 million national campaign for the 999 ambulance call handlers was initiated in March to support trusts.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 29 April 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Mandate annual training of 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally from 2021 through 2024.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “You may wish to know that we have also made significant investments in the ambulance workforce. The number of NHS ambulance and support staff has increased by 40% since February 2010, and Health Education England has mandated a target to train 3,000 paramedic graduates nationally per annum from 2021-2024, further increasing the domestic paramedic workforce to meet future demands on the service. The number of national 999 call handlers has also been boosted to over 2,300 at the start of May 2022, about 400 more than September 2021, with potential for services to increase capacity further during 2022/23. Additionally, a £1.3 million national campaign for the 999 ambulance call handlers was initiated in March to support trusts.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 29 April 2022

    Open published response
  10. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Martin Keith Sullivan · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Martin Keith Sullivan, aged 15, died on 24 November 2019 after experiencing a severe asthma attack. He was prioritised as Category 2 during two 999 calls, and his father was not asked about taking him directly to hospital; ambulance delays followed before Martin was taken to hospital, where resuscitation was unsuccessful. Concerns included whether the MPDS algorithm and call-handler script recognised the severity of his symptoms, whether Category 2 response times could be met, and whether direct transport to hospital should have been discussed.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to provide timely Category 2 ambulance responses during periods of high demand

    Wider context from the report

    “3. This was clearly a busy shift for NWAS, notwithstanding that the service was at 97% of commissioned capacity. 111 ambulances instead of 112 – having increased from 67 circa one hour previously, and it is likely that this was probably building from the reduced numbers of ambulance over the earlier period. The EA that eventually arrived was outside the 90ᵗʰ percentile target of 40mins. There is a clear history of NWAS being unable to meet NHS Cat 2 target times, in particular during Qs 3 & 4. NWAS Annual reports 2018/19 Yearly Category 2 targets: mean - 24.14mins and 90% - 52.31, with increased times for Qs 3&4. The Category 1,3 &4 targets are generally well met. 2019/20 Yearly Category 2 targets: mean – 26 mins and 90% - 56.27 mins, with increased times for Qs 3&4. The Category 1,3 &4 targets are generally well met. I understand that resource funding was applied for in November 19 and has been utilised from February 2020. ”

    Source location

    Martin Keith Sullivan · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide significant commissioner investment in the ambulance service to support response standards and frontline capacity.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The investment over recent years has been in response to changes in demand and the national Ambulance Response Programme (ARP) standards that were introduced in August 2017. This replaced the previous targets with a fairer system whereby ambulance trusts would be measured on both their mean and their 90th percentile performance for each category of patient. Commissioners have invested significantly in the ambulance service since the introduction of the ARP standards.”

    Source location

    2021-0056-Response-from-Clinical-Commissioning-Group-Redacted
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 March 2021

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    NWAS, rather than commissioners, determines ambulance deployment, planned resources, shift arrangements and operational service delivery.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “At the point of contract agreement, it is then for NWAS to implement an approach that will deliver the outcomes agreed, i.e. ARP standards. Commissioners do not specifically determine how many ambulances they have, where these are distributed, what shift times they operate and so on. This level of operational detail is down to internal NWAS planning and service delivery.”

    Source location

    2021-0056-Response-from-Clinical-Commissioning-Group-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 8 March 2021

    Open published response
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Data last updated 7 September 2026