Recurring concern

Unreliable clinical management of medication overdose and toxicity

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First reported 7 Aug 2014•Latest report 17 Nov 2025

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures in the dedicated clinical response to suspected or identified medication overdose, therapeutic excess or medication-related toxicity, including recognising excess exposure, assessing harm, arranging medical review, monitoring for toxicity, escalating treatment and coordinating specialist or emergency care.

Not included

  • Excludes routine prescribing, dosage selection, dispensing or administration failures where no medication overdose, therapeutic excess or toxicity is identified.
  • Excludes prevention of overdose through prescription-quantity or medication-security controls when no failure in the clinical response after excess exposure is asserted.
  • Excludes toxicity risks from a named medication or drug combination when the assertion concerns only prescribing guidance or prevention and not clinical management after suspected or identified excess exposure.
  • Excludes failures in treatment after medication toxicity has been reliably assessed and an appropriate response has been initiated.
Reports
7

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
7

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2014–2025

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
8

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

NHS England2
Cardiff & Vale University LHB1
Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust1
Cherish Home Care Ltd1
Home Office1
Langley Health Centre1
Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust1
Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency1
Mitie1
Mitie Care And Custody Limited1
North London NHS Foundation Trust1
Oracle Corporation UK Limited1
Princess Alexandra Hospital1
Recipient name withheld1
Royal College of General Practitioners1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Essex

    AI-generated summary

    Paolino AMICO · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Paolino Amico, who had metastatic bladder cancer and advanced clinical frailty, was admitted with severe bilateral pneumonia and died in hospital on 12 June 2024. He received multiple overdoses of slow-release morphine following a prescription error, with concerns also raised about medication administration, delayed emergency escalation, oxygen provision after discharge, and the management of morphine reversal and pain relief.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to consider or plan alternative pain management during opioid overdose treatment

    Wider context from the report

    “(6) Mr Amico morphine overdose was partially treated: a. There was an immediate response to Naloxone but the opioid reversal for overdose was not in accordance with British National Formulary guidelines or with an NHS England alert previously issued. b. There was no consideration or plan for alternative pain management in a patient who had been receiving morphine pain relief as part of his treatment plan for cancer. c. Mr Amico suffered acute withdrawal syndrome and family complained about his suffering to hospital staff that they stated was not ameliorated. An emergency call would have triggered the attendance of an Anaesthetist who could have given advice on opioid reversal in a palliative patient. Princess Alexandra Hospital & NHS England ”

    Source location

    Paolino AMICO · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Share opioid reversal guidance through palliative-care educational events and hold collaborative opioid-learning events with the integrated care system.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The BNF highlights that doses used in acute opioid/opiate overdose may NOT be appropriate for the management of opioid/opiate induced respiratory depression and sedation in those receiving palliative care and in chronic opioid/opiate use. The recommended dose for adults in post-operative respiratory depression and for palliative care and chronic opioid/opiate use by intravenous injection is 100 to 200 micrograms (1.5 to 3 micrograms/kg). If the response is inadequate, give subsequent dose of 100 micrograms every two minutes. Even where doses are given as recommended, there is still a need for careful monitoring of vital observations and maintaining or restoring pain relief.”

    Source location

    Response from Princess Alexandra Hospital
    Page 7 · response
    Published 19 November 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The hospital trust is responsible for providing the response and addressing the reported concerns through its governance arrangements and actions.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust will be providing their own response to this Report, however, the Hertfordshire & West Essex ICB have advised NHS England of the Trust’s governance arrangements and actions being taken to address the concerns raised. It is understood that the Trust’s Patient Safety Group (PSG) has active oversight of several of the areas highlighted in the Report, particularly medicines safety, recognition of deterioration, and incident learning.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 4 · response
    Published 19 November 2025

    Open published response
  2. Inner South London

    AI-generated summary

    Paula Doreen Hughes · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Paula Doreen Hughes was admitted to hospital after a fall and received paracetamol in excess of the recommended dose because paracetamol was prescribed alongside co-codamol. The overdose was not recognised until she had developed fulminant acute liver failure, and timely treatment was not provided. The principal concerns included preventing duplicate paracetamol prescriptions and administration, recognising and managing therapeutic excess, accurately assessing confusion, recording over-the-counter medicines, mitigating confirmation bias, and providing guidance for virtual patient reviews.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of a robust process for managing therapeutic excess and potential toxicity

    Wider context from the report

    “2. Management of therapeutic excess if it has not been prevented (LGT) This issue has arisen from the finding that once the concurrent prescription had been identified, there had no attempt to consider whether there had been a therapeutic excess and whether Mrs Hughes had suffered harm. The Trust’s response to the incident focused on prevention. It did not consider the adequacy of the clinical response once the overdose had been identified. The Trust relies on information sharing of learning from incidents and thereafter places reliance on individual clinical practice. I received no evidence of a robust process for ensuring a consistent clinical response to the management of therapeutic excess and the potential for toxicity. ”

    Source location

    Paula Doreen Hughes · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop and provide staff with a clinical guideline for managing paracetamol overdose and therapeutic excess.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “2. Management of therapeutic excess if it has not been prevented The iCare system has an approved protocol available for paracetamol overdose (screenshots attached). This is the Scottish and Newcastle Anti-emetic Pre-treatment (SNAP) protocol. We recognise that a clinical guideline would help clinicians to identify whether this is required or not, and this is not something that currently exists at LGT. We will develop a clinical guideline for the management of paracetamol overdose in due course, that will be available to all Trust staff, to include a robust clinical response to the management of therapeutic excess and the potential for toxicity.”

    Source location

    Response from Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 19 December 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Statutory labelling, prescribing information and ongoing safety monitoring address risks associated with paracetamol overdose.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In response to your concern, 1(1), the use of paracetamol and accidental overdose is a safety concern, especially in relation to the many trade names of non-prescription and prescription medicines containing paracetamol. Therefore the Human Medicines Regulations 2012, contain a number of conditions for the presentation of these medicines to highlight the presence of paracetamol in a medicine.”

    Source location

    Response from Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
    Page 1 · response
    Published 19 December 2025

    Open published response
  3. Inner South London

    AI-generated summary

    Lee Derek Jamie ADAMS · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Lee Derek Jamie Adams died after taking an excessive number of propranolol tablets on 24 July 2020, following extensive online gambling and in the context of depressive illness. The substantive concerns included the rapid absorption and high toxicity of propranolol, the lack of a specific antidote, and the need for GPs to consider patients’ gambling habits and the risks of excess propranolol ingestion.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of GP awareness of the consequences of excess propranolol ingestion at relatively small doses

    Wider context from the report

    “(4) GPs should be aware of the consequences, at relatively small doses, of excess propranolol ingestion; especially when there is no specific anti-dote and treatment is restricted to supportive measures only. ”

    Source location

    Lee Derek Jamie ADAMS · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Produce and provide a five-minute learning resource alerting GPs to propranolol toxicity risks and prescribing considerations.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “This risk assessment includes the comprehensive approach of reviewing the level of risk of existing medications for both mental and physical health and their toxicity in overdose. The RCGP has been aware of the risks of Propranolol toxicity and responded to the HSSIB safety investigation to produce a ‘5 minutes to change your practice’ learning resource for GP members on the risks associated with prescribing Propranolol.”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of General Practitioners
    Page 2 · response
    Published 26 March 2026

    Open published response
  4. Black Country

    AI-generated summary

    Ms Karen Redding · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ms Karen Redding died after drinking an excess of Oramorph, becoming increasingly drowsy and suffering a fatal overdose. During the inquest, concern arose that care staff handed her the medication without checking the box contents, and that she was not seen by a doctor after disclosing that she had taken too much.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to arrange medical assessment after disclosed excess oramorph ingestion

    Wider context from the report

    “3. Although, she declined any help and said she would prefer to rest and “sleep it off”, it may well have been appropriate to have her seen by a Doctor. ”

    Source location

    Ms Karen Redding · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review and revise medication policies, procedures and working practices to prevent recurrence of medication-related incidents.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In the 19 years of Cherish providing care, no incident of this type has ever occurred. Management has reviewed the effectiveness of medication policies, procedures and working practices to ensure such circumstances are not repeated.”

    Source location

    2022-0133-Response-from-Cherish-Home-Care-Ltd_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 10 May 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement a medication-overdose procedure requiring staff to seek medical assistance regardless of service-user or next-of-kin agreement.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• On 25 March 2021 all records on the system were examined and an emergency office staff meeting was undertaken. During this meeting, we introduced the following procedure for where a medication overdose or a similar incident where the service user requires medical assistance, occurs –”

    Source location

    2022-0133-Response-from-Cherish-Home-Care-Ltd_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 10 May 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Disseminate the medical-assistance procedure to office staff through meetings and to care staff through refresher training and direct notifications.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “2) All office staff were made aware of the procedure for seeking medical assistance discussed above, through staff meetings.”

    Source location

    2022-0133-Response-from-Cherish-Home-Care-Ltd_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 10 May 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Introduce the medication-overdose policy and medical-assistance procedures to new staff through induction.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “6) New staff will be introduced to the medication overdose policy and the procedures for seeking medical assistance through their induction process.”

    Source location

    2022-0133-Response-from-Cherish-Home-Care-Ltd_Published
    Page 3 · response
    Published 10 May 2022

    Open published response
  5. London (West)

    AI-generated summary

    Amir Siman-Tov · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Amir Siman-Tov died at Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre on 17 February 2016 after taking an overdose of codeine. The concerns included inconsistent involvement of healthcare staff in the ACDT self-harm reduction process, inconsistent medication checks, inadequate hospital discharge information and handover, insufficient monitoring after his return, and shortcomings in the emergency response.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to administer naloxone in suspected opiate overdose

    Wider context from the report

    “14. An emergency bag was brought containing adrenaline autoinjector and also naloxone which Dr Harris said was a temporary antidote to opiates. A nurse gave an injection of adrenaline into the thigh “because he thought it might help”. Naloxone was not given, even though ████████ had required emergency admission the day prior because of an opiate overdose. This puts detainees at risk. ”

    Source location

    Amir Siman-Tov · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report
  6. South Wales Central

    AI-generated summary

    Mr. Christopher Summerhayes · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Mr. Christopher Summerhayes was found deceased at his home address after a significant medical history including double scoliosis, treatment-resistant schizophrenia and a complex regime of around 12 daily medications. The concerns included the prescription of clozapine alongside other medications, substantial weight gain and possible effects on his cardiovascular system, as well as a possible familial lipid disorder. The inquest concluded that the medical cause of death was ischaemic heart disease, with a narrative determination referring to atypical early-onset coronary artery atherosclerosis and complex prescribed medications.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to distinguish clozapine overdose signs from unresolved schizophrenia symptoms

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) In relation to Christopher Summerhayes, Clozapine was prescribed as a concomitant medication alongside approximately 11 other drugs including another anti-psychotic medication. Either alone or interaction with other prescribed medication, a large increase in weight occurred to >101kg (BMI 33.1) (reported side effect of clozapine) which had a ‘knock-on’ effect for his cholesterol and lipid levels and cardiovascular system. The usual dose is 200-450mg daily with the maximum dose being 900mg (BNF) which does not consider concomitant medications. Signs of prescription overdose include collapse and hallucinations which could be mistaken for unresolved symptoms of schizophrenia i.e. lack of drug efficacy encouraging dose increase. Blood levels of clozapine may rise in response to smoking cessation which Mr. Summerhayes had advised we was commencing. (2) He may have suffered from a familial lipid disorder (present in other family members) which had it been confirmed would likely to have contraindicated Clozapine. ”

    Source location

    Mr. Christopher Summerhayes · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  7. Inner North London

    AI-generated summary

    Noleen Mary McPHARLANE · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Noleen Mary McPHARLANE had longstanding contact with mental health services and a history of overdoses and self-inflicted wounds. She died after ingesting an excess of a drug purchased on the internet, although her intentions were unclear. Concerns included that her suicide thoughts and continued illicit amitriptyline use were not directly explored, and that there was no consideration of input from an alternative healthcare professional despite limited therapeutic engagement.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to assess and address ongoing excessive use of illicit amitriptyline

    Wider context from the report

    “2. The medical records made clear that Ms McPharlane had a history of buying illicit amitriptyline from the internet and taking this to excess. However, in the last year of her life, her clinical specialist never once asked her if this was ongoing, or advised her about this, or explored the issue with her in any way. He now regards this as unacceptable. ”

    Source location

    Noleen Mary McPHARLANE · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Instruct clinical staff to discuss known self-harm methods, monitor related practices and medication risks, and set preventive care-plan actions.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Interim Medical Director will ensure that all clinical staff are instructed that where it is known the methods of self-harm service users employ, including the purchase of non-prescribed medication through the internet, they must have these practices discussed with them regularly. A plan should be set in place to include monitoring the frequency of these practices, e.g. the medication purchased and consideration given to the impact of this on their prescribed medication and the likelihood of overdosing. The care plan should set out clear actions to be taken to prevent self-harming practices where possible. The deadline for this is November 2014.”

    Source location

    2014-0370-Response-by-Camden-Islington-NHS
    Page 4 · response
    Published 7 August 2014

    Open published response
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Data last updated 7 September 2026