Recurring concern

Unreliable criteria for transferring Category 3 ambulance calls

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First reported 5 Jan 2026•Latest report 6 Jan 2026

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures in the dedicated process for defining, communicating, interpreting, applying or reviewing criteria for transferring Category 3 ambulance calls between EMAS and NEMS, including ambiguity about the effect of prior clinical validation.

Not included

  • Excludes general ambulance call triage, dispatch, response-time or resource-capacity failures where Category 3 call-transfer criteria are not the deficient control.
  • Excludes failures in clinical assessment or treatment after a transfer decision has been reliably made.
  • Excludes referral or transfer pathways involving other ambulance categories, services or receiving organisations unless the assertion explicitly concerns the same EMAS-to-NEMS Category 3 transfer process.
  • Excludes generic inter-service communication or governance deficiencies that do not directly affect Category 3 call-transfer criteria.
Reports
2

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
3

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2026–2026

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
6

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust2
NEMS Community Benefit Services Limited2
NHS England2
NHS Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Integrated Care Board2

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Nottinghamshire

    AI-generated summary

    Adam Ali Hussain · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Adam Ali Hussain died on 16 May 2025 at Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, from complicated appendicitis with perforation, peritonitis, severe intra-abdominal sepsis and multiple organ failure. The report identifies missed opportunities to recognise worsening illness and sepsis and to arrange face-to-face assessment, particularly on 14 May 2025. Concerns include unreliable handling and transfer of clinical information, unclear Category 3 ambulance-call criteria, and inadequate communication with families.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of agreed and unambiguous criteria for transferring Category 3 calls to NEMS

    Wider context from the report

    “4. Category 3 calls are viewed by non- clinicians at the EMAS Emergency Operations Centre, who do not have sufficient skills to safely transfer calls to NEMS, as the inclusion/exclusion criteria are open to interpretation 5. There is no agreement between EMAS and NEMS as to the criteria for transfer of a category 3 call, including whether or not a previous clinical validation would preclude transfer to NEMS ”

    Source location

    Adam Ali Hussain · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    End manually pushed ambulance calls and use Directory of Services or automated ITK referrals meeting defined criteria.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Since cessation of manual pushes, referrals now occur via Directory of Services (DoS) or automated ITK pathways. These pathways present lower risk because they are generated through NHS Pathways and meet defined criteria, and no further sepsis-related patient safety incidents have been identified since pathway changes in June 2025. Since 27th June 2025, NEMS implemented a pause on manually pushed calls while improvements were agreed with EMAS. Although manual pushes resumed on 21st July following assurance regarding CAD note quality and governance arrangement, NEMS confirms that it has not continued with manually pushed calls since 3rd December 2025.NEMS continues to proactively review cases transferred from EMAS and escalate concerns through joint governance structures, alongside close monitoring of monthly UCCH highlight reports to identify emerging themes”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Improve CAD-to-Adastra transfer formatting, structure, legibility and visibility of prior clinical validation through ongoing technical engagement.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NEMS has engaged in ongoing discussions with EMAS and OneAdvanced, the software provider responsible for Adastra (the electronic patient record system used by NEMS) to improve the formatting, structure and clarity of CAD-to-Adastra transfers. This has included identifying the duplication arising from the multiple message structure and formally requesting technical solutions to improve legibility and presentation of narrative information.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 3 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Interception or re-triage of EMAS calls is assigned to EMAS, while NEMS provides urgent primary care within appropriate admission-avoidance pathways.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In parallel, NEMS has worked closely with the Integrated Care Board (ICB) to review national GIRT models for UCCH delivery, ensuring alignment with best practice. It is our clear position that interception or re-triage of EMAS calls should sit within the clinical expertise and statutory responsibility of EMAS. NEMS’ role is to provide urgent primary care expertise for appropriate admission avoidance pathways and not seek to replicate ambulance triage functions. Accordingly, our strategic focus has shifted towards preventing avoidable ambulance callouts in defined cohorts such as frail patients, care home residents and those at end of life, where proactive planning, anticipatory care and coordinated community response can safely reduce escalation to 999.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Current DoS and automated ITK referrals use nationally defined NHS Pathways criteria, so additional locally derived screening criteria are not required.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The manually pushed call model, which relied on interpretation of locally applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, has ceased within Nottingham and Nottinghamshire. Current referrals received by NEMS are either Directory of Services (DoS) driven or generated through automated ITK pathways. These routes follow nationally defined NHS Pathways clinical coding and disposition criteria and therefore do not require additional locally derived screening criteria. They are structured within established national algorithms rather than discretionary interpretation.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 5 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The manual push pathway will remain paused, with no reinstatement planned while agreed safety actions remain incomplete.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have ensured the manual push remains paused and there are no plans for reinstatement of this pathway at this point in time, as not all actions agreed have been completed. Several codes that were being automatically transferred to NEMS by EMAS have also ceased since December 2025 and we are in the process of reviewing these with other similar services across the East Midlands to assess whether they should be removed on a larger scale.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Integrated Care Board
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response
  2. Nottinghamshire

    AI-generated summary

    Jake Kieran Hartwright · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Jake Kieran Hartwright developed severe illness associated with bowel ischaemia and had a cardiac arrest at home on 16 January 2025. He died at Queens Medical Centre in the early hours of 17 January 2025 from multiple organ failure secondary to extensive bowel ischaemia. The report identified serious issues in the urgent care pathway, including missed opportunities to arrange a Category 2 ambulance and problems with clinical information transfer and management of Category 3 calls.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inclusion and exclusion criteria for transferring Category 3 calls open to interpretation

    Wider context from the report

    “4. Category 3 calls are viewed by non- clinicians at the EMAS Emergency Operations Centre, who do not have sufficient skills to safely transfer calls to NEMS, as the inclusion/exclusion criteria are open to interpretation ”

    Source location

    Jake Kieran Hartwright · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of agreed criteria between EMAS and NEMS for transfer of Category 3 calls

    Wider context from the report

    “5. There is no agreement between EMAS and NEMS as to the criteria for transfer of a category 3 call, including whether or not a previous clinical validation would preclude transfer to NEMS ”

    Source location

    Jake Kieran Hartwright · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Join the clinical governance meeting established between NEMS and EMAS to support their continuing joint work.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have also offered and committed to joining the clinical governance meeting set up between NEMS and EMAS to support the continued work between the two organisations.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Integrated Care Board
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    End manually pushed calls and route referrals through Directory of Services or automated ITK pathways.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NEMS confirms that it has not continued with manually pushed calls since 3rd December 2025. Prior to 27th June 2025, Category 3 calls assessed by EMAS as potentially suitable for management within the Urgent Care Coordination Hub (UCCH) were at times manually pushed to NEMS. In practice, this meant that an EMAS Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) colleague would transfer a case directly into the NEMS clinical queue, based on the agreed inclusion and exclusion criteria at that time.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue joint work to formalise transfer principles preventing routine re-validation of clinically validated NHS 111 calls.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NEMS proposes continued joint work with EMAS and system partners to formalise clear transfer principles. This should include explicit agreement that clinically validated NHS 111 calls should not be routinely transferred for re-validation, and that where EMAS reassesses a call as requiring ED attendance, it should be conveyed directly to ED without further telephone triage.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 6 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Require clinicians to review available information and make all Category 3 transfers through the clinical push model.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Historically, non-clinical staff reviewed Category 3 calls in the EOC, creating risk where inclusion and exclusion criteria required clinical interpretation. To address this, in January 2026, the Trust implemented a significant change to operational practice:”

    Source location

    Response from East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    DoS-driven and automated ITK referrals use nationally defined NHS Pathways criteria, so additional locally derived screening criteria are unnecessary.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The manually pushed call model, which relied on interpretation of locally applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, has ceased within Nottingham and Nottinghamshire. Current referrals received by NEMS are either Directory of Services (DoS) driven or generated through automated ITK pathways. These routes follow nationally defined NHS Pathways clinical coding and disposition criteria and therefore do not require additional locally derived screening criteria. They are structured within established national algorithms rather than discretionary interpretation.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 5 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Concerns about the urgent care pathway, CAD information, Category 3 call handling and transfer criteria should be addressed by EMAS, NEMS and the ICB.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We consider that the third concern listed above falls within NHS England’s remit and we have endeavoured to address this concern below. The remaining concerns would be better addressed by EMAS, NEMS and Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Integrated Care Board (ICB), who have also been sent your Report.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Interception or re-triage of EMAS calls is assigned to EMAS, whose clinical expertise and statutory responsibility cover ambulance triage functions.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In parallel, NEMS has worked closely with the Integrated Care Board (ICB) to review national GIRFT models for UCCH delivery, ensuring alignment with best practice. It is our clear position that interception or re-triage of EMAS calls should sit within the clinical expertise and statutory responsibility of EMAS. NEMS’ role is to provide urgent primary care expertise for appropriate admission avoidance pathways and not seek to replicate ambulance triage functions. Accordingly, our strategic focus has shifted towards preventing avoidable ambulance callouts in defined cohorts such as frail patients, care home residents and those at end of life, where proactive planning, anticipatory care and coordinated community response can safely reduce escalation to 999.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 2 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    NEMS cannot reliably identify prior NHS 111 clinical validation because CAD-to-Adastra transfers do not consistently provide advisor skillset information.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “There is joint agreement in principle that calls which have already undergone clinical validation within NHS 111 should not ordinarily be transferred to NEMS for further validation. Where a clinician within NHS 111 has assessed a patient and determined an appropriate disposition, particularly where ambulance or ED attendance is indicated, this should not routinely result in a further layer of telephone assessment unless there is a clearly defined clinical rationale.”

    Source location

    Response from Nottingham Emergency Medical Service
    Page 6 · response
    Published 8 January 2026

    Open published response
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Data last updated 7 September 2026