Recurring concern

Failure to communicate the serious harms of ketamine

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First reported 5 Nov 2024•Latest report 19 Aug 2025

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures of public-facing information, warnings, education or regulatory communication that leave current or potential ketamine users unaware of the serious acute and chronic harms of non-clinical ketamine use, including misleading safety impressions created by its Class B classification.

Not included

  • Excludes general drug education or substance-misuse concerns that do not specifically concern ketamine's serious harms.
  • Excludes clinical treatment, diagnosis or follow-up of ketamine-related injury after the risks have been adequately communicated.
  • Excludes lawful clinical use of ketamine unless the assertion concerns communication of risks from non-clinical or inappropriate use.
  • Excludes the legal classification or scheduling of other drugs unless the assertion specifically links it to public misunderstanding of ketamine's serious harms.
Reports
2

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
5

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2024–2025

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
8

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Home Office2
Department for Education1
Department of Health and Social Care1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Dorset

    AI-generated summary

    Gemma May Weeks · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Gemma May Weeks, a long-term ketamine user, was found deceased on 26 January 2025 after consuming high levels of ketamine and another substance; the combined effects caused her death. The report raises concerns that the acute and chronic risks of ketamine, including addiction and severe bladder damage, are not well understood by the public, potential first-time users, and groups at greatest risk of starting to use it.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of understanding of the health consequences of chronic ketamine use outside professional circles

    Wider context from the report

    “2. I have concerns with regard to the following: i. The dangers and risk associated with both acute and chronic ketamine use are not well understood by the public and potential first time users of the drug. Ketamine’s classification as a class B controlled drug may give an impression that the dangers associated with its use are reduced as compared with class A drugs. ii. There is little understanding of the risks and dangers of ketamine use amongst the age group that appear to be at most risk of starting to use the drug. iii. The health consequences of chronic ketamine use are well understood by those that encounter them, including drug treatment providers and those working in healthcare. Those consequences are not, however, well understood outside of those circles. ”

    Source location

    Gemma May Weeks · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of understanding of ketamine risks among the age group most at risk of starting use

    Wider context from the report

    “2. I have concerns with regard to the following: i. The dangers and risk associated with both acute and chronic ketamine use are not well understood by the public and potential first time users of the drug. Ketamine’s classification as a class B controlled drug may give an impression that the dangers associated with its use are reduced as compared with class A drugs. ii. There is little understanding of the risks and dangers of ketamine use amongst the age group that appear to be at most risk of starting to use the drug. iii. The health consequences of chronic ketamine use are well understood by those that encounter them, including drug treatment providers and those working in healthcare. Those consequences are not, however, well understood outside of those circles. ”

    Source location

    Gemma May Weeks · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of public understanding of the dangers of acute and chronic ketamine use

    Wider context from the report

    “2. I have concerns with regard to the following: i. The dangers and risk associated with both acute and chronic ketamine use are not well understood by the public and potential first time users of the drug. Ketamine’s classification as a class B controlled drug may give an impression that the dangers associated with its use are reduced as compared with class A drugs. ii. There is little understanding of the risks and dangers of ketamine use amongst the age group that appear to be at most risk of starting to use the drug. iii. The health consequences of chronic ketamine use are well understood by those that encounter them, including drug treatment providers and those working in healthcare. Those consequences are not, however, well understood outside of those circles. ”

    Source location

    Gemma May Weeks · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Launch a national mass- and social-media campaign on new drug-use patterns, sustained ketamine use, and associated bladder damage.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Department is working to increase awareness of the risks and associated health harms of sustained ketamine use. We are planning a national campaign to raise awareness on new patterns of drug use and their associated risk, with particular focus on sustained ketamine use and the damage it can cause to the bladder. The campaign, planned to launch in coming months, will utilise mass and social media, including a short film and social media influencers discussing the topic. The campaign will also disseminate information for a variety of stakeholders who come into contact with people at risk, such as teachers and local public health teams. This campaign complements the Government’s existing drug information and advice service called Talk to FRANK. This service aims to reduce drug misuse and its harms by increasing awareness, particularly for young people and parents.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Maintain and update FRANK drug information and advice for young people, parents and practitioners, including emerging ketamine evidence and trends.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “More broadly, the Government continues to work to educate young people on the harms and risks around drug taking via the FRANK website, referenced in the RSHE statutory guidance, which provides drug information and advice to young people, parents and practitioners. This site keeps content up to date with emerging evidence and trends, including on ketamine. Ketamine | Effects of Ketamine | FRANK .”

    Source location

    Response from Department for Education
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Launch a national media campaign highlighting the harms caused by ketamine through multiple media channels.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “While the ACMD report will be very important, the Government is, as I have noted, very concerned about the increasing harms of ketamine and is already taking a range of measures to tackle them. As the Department of Health and Social Care sets out in its response, we will shortly be launching a national media campaign on emerging drug threats, one of whose key areas of focus will be the harms caused by ketamine. The campaign will use a range of media to ensure that the messages reach as many people as possible. This sits alongside a range of existing measures, including our work with festival organisers to ensure that the risks to those attending festivals are minimised, improving the drug treatment response, and awareness raising initiatives led by local authority public health teams.”

    Source location

    Response from Home Office
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Publish updated RSHE statutory guidance covering drug, alcohol, tobacco and vaping education.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Schools have an important role in educating pupils about the dangers of harmful substances and relationships, sex and health education (RSHE) has been statutory in schools since September 2020. My department recently published updated RSHE statutory guidance which includes curriculum content on drugs, alcohol, tobacco and vaping.”

    Source location

    Response from Department for Education
    Page 1 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide quality drug, alcohol and tobacco teaching resources for primary and secondary teachers through collaboration with OHID and the PSHE Association.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The department worked with the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) and the PSHE Association to make sure good quality teaching resources are available for teachers delivering drug, alcohol and tobacco education. The lesson plans target primary and secondary students, teaching them how to manage influences and pressure, and keep themselves healthy and safe. And separately, we know many local areas will develop their own resources, including teaching about the dangers of ketamine.”

    Source location

    Response from Department for Education
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Write to festival organisers requesting coordinated harm-reduction and first-aid measures that highlight ketamine dangers.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Furthermore, DHSC and Home Office ministers wrote to festival organisers this summer, asking them to work closely with police and health partners on their harm reduction and first aid measures, which included highlighting the dangers of ketamine. The Department also worked with the National Police Chiefs’ Council on a joint letter and advice for the police and local authorities about festivals, drugs, and alcohol, to minimise the risk of harm to individuals at these events.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop and issue joint advice with the National Police Chiefs’ Council to police and local authorities on festivals, drugs, and alcohol.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Furthermore, DHSC and Home Office ministers wrote to festival organisers this summer, asking them to work closely with police and health partners on their harm reduction and first aid measures, which included highlighting the dangers of ketamine. The Department also worked with the National Police Chiefs’ Council on a joint letter and advice for the police and local authorities about festivals, drugs, and alcohol, to minimise the risk of harm to individuals at these events.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Consider all ACMD recommendations before making decisions on ketamine’s classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The ACMD has been working on that assessment, including conducting a public call for evidence in August. I expect to receive the report by the end of 2025, and I will give full consideration to all its recommendations before making any decisions relating to the classification of ketamine under the MDA.”

    Source location

    Response from Home Office
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Local authorities, Combating Drugs Partnerships and treatment providers lead prevention, harm-reduction and treatment interventions, including awareness raising.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Alongside the work DHSC is conducting, widespread action is already in progress through local and regional initiatives. Local authorities, Combating Drugs Partnerships, and treatment providers lead on prevention, harm reduction, and treatment interventions, which includes awareness raising. Many of the national treatment providers, as well as local areas, have developed bespoke awareness-raising resources and approaches in response to ketamine, and a number have held events for professionals working in the field.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Departments for Education and Health and Social Care will address concerns about understanding ketamine’s dangers, including among young people.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I know that you sent your report to the Secretaries of State for Education and Health and Social Care too. Ministers in those departments will be replying to your concerns about a lack of understanding of the dangers of ketamine, including among young people. I will therefore focus on your concern that ketamine’s classification as a Class B drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (‘MDA’) may give the impression that the dangers associated with its use are lower than those of Class A drugs.”

    Source location

    Response from Home Office
    Page 1 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The Home Office is responsible for responding to concerns about ketamine’s classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I know that you sent your report to the Home Secretary and Department for Education (DfE) too. Home Office Ministers will be replying in relation to your concern about the classification of ketamine under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. My response will focus on concerns your report raised over the dangers and harms of ketamine use and that these dangers are little understood by both the firsttime users and younger age groups.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Existing statutory RSHE guidance and school flexibility are relied on to let schools tailor teaching to local issues, including ketamine dangers.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The statutory guidance provides high-level content to guide schools’ teaching, but schools have the freedom and flexibility to ensure the curriculum meets the needs of their pupils. This flexibility allows schools to respond to local public health and wider community issues, and tailor the content to meet pupils’ needs so they can respond to issues as they arise, including the dangers of taking ketamine.”

    Source location

    Response from Department for Education
    Page 2 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The Home Office is responsible for responding to concerns about ketamine’s classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I am sending this letter in response to the Regulation 28 Report to prevent Future Deaths, and accompanying reasons detailed in the report dated 19th August 2025. I know that you sent your report to the Home Secretary and the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care too. Ministers in the Home Office will be replying to your concerns about the classification of ketamine under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and Ministers at the Department for Health and Social Care will be addressing harm reduction and prevention.”

    Source location

    Response from Department for Education
    Page 1 · response
    Published 2 September 2025

    Open published response
  2. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    James Patrick Boland · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    James Patrick Boland, known as Jamie, was found unresponsive at home on 19 June 2024 and died from sepsis caused by acute pyelonephritis, against a background of chronic ketamine use. The report raised concerns that ketamine use can cause severe long-term health problems, that users may perceive it as safer because it is classified as a Class B drug, and that increasing illicit use is linked to potentially fatal health problems.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Maintaining ketamine as a Class B drug despite its serious harms

    Wider context from the report

    “The inquest heard that previously Mr Boland had used cocaine a class A drug but, had switched to ketamine a class B drug on the basis that he perceived it to be less harmful. His perception that it was less harmful was based on the fact it is designated as a class B rather than Class A drug. The evidence before the inquest was that Ketamine is a deeply harmful substance when used outside the purposes for which it is licenced for prescribing by clinicians and that users such as Mr Boland are unable to give it up despite knowing how dangerous it is to their health. Maintaining its classification as a Class B drug was likely to encourage others to start to use it or continue to use it under the false impression it is “safer”. The evidence at the inquest was that Ketamine use causes huge long term life changing health problems. In Mr Boland’s case it had caused long term urological damage and liver damage. It was the damage to his urological system caused by Ketamine that led to his death. The inquest was told that there is a significant increase in the illicit use of Ketamine and that this has led to clinicians seeing a rise in potentially fatal health problems linked to its use. The extent of these risks rarely understood by users until the damage has been done to their health. ”

    Source location

    James Patrick Boland · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Illicit ketamine use causing severe long-term and potentially fatal health problems

    Wider context from the report

    “The inquest heard that previously Mr Boland had used cocaine a class A drug but, had switched to ketamine a class B drug on the basis that he perceived it to be less harmful. His perception that it was less harmful was based on the fact it is designated as a class B rather than Class A drug. The evidence before the inquest was that Ketamine is a deeply harmful substance when used outside the purposes for which it is licenced for prescribing by clinicians and that users such as Mr Boland are unable to give it up despite knowing how dangerous it is to their health. Maintaining its classification as a Class B drug was likely to encourage others to start to use it or continue to use it under the false impression it is “safer”. The evidence at the inquest was that Ketamine use causes huge long term life changing health problems. In Mr Boland’s case it had caused long term urological damage and liver damage. It was the damage to his urological system caused by Ketamine that led to his death. The inquest was told that there is a significant increase in the illicit use of Ketamine and that this has led to clinicians seeing a rise in potentially fatal health problems linked to its use. The extent of these risks rarely understood by users until the damage has been done to their health. ”

    Source location

    James Patrick Boland · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026