Recurring concern

Failure to enable professional challenge of clinical decisions

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First reported 25 Jul 2018•Latest report 27 Feb 2026

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures of clinical-care arrangements, culture or supervision that prevent or discourage staff from raising, discussing or escalating a material challenge to another clinician's decision, including challenges to discharge decisions and differing findings between junior doctors and consultants.

Not included

  • Excludes generic speaking-up, communication or workplace-culture concerns where no clinical decision or patient-safety challenge is involved.
  • Excludes poor clinical decisions where no failure to enable, receive or act on professional challenge is identified.
  • Excludes failures of formal complaints, incident reporting or whistleblowing systems unless the asserted unsafe condition is specifically the inability to challenge a clinical decision during care.
  • Excludes disagreements that were appropriately raised, considered and resolved without an identified safety deficiency.
Reports
5

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
5

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2018–2026

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
9

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Betsi Cadwaladr University LHB1
Care Quality Commission1
Colchester Hospital1
Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Local Health Board1
Department of Health and Social Care1
East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust1
Health Services Safety Investigations Body1
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Essex

    AI-generated summary

    David James FENN · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    David James FENN was admitted to hospital with suspected sepsis and septic left knee arthritis, after attending several days earlier with similar symptoms and being discharged home. He subsequently developed severe sepsis and multiorgan failure and died on 12 February 2025. The principal concerns were that sepsis was not appropriately recognised on 28 January, the Sepsis 6 pathway was not followed, timely consultant review was not obtained, and relevant clinical discussions and escalation did not occur adequately.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to challenge a Consultant's view to discharge

    Wider context from the report

    “4) The junior doctor did not feel able to challenge the view of the Consultant to discharge nor did they seek to reapproach them with fuller information. ”

    Source location

    David James FENN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement Martha’s Rule, including daily patient check-ins, rapid review access and advertised escalation routes for concerns about deterioration, treatment or discharge planning.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In addition to the above, the Trust has implemented ‘Martha’s Rule’, which allows patients, families, carers and staff to request a rapid clinical review if they are concerned about a patient’s deteriorating condition. It covers communication issues and ensures that concerns about medication, investigations, or discharge planning are resolved. The three core elements of the Rule are:”

    Source location

    Response from East Sussex and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 4 · response
    Published 18 March 2026

    Open published response
  2. North West Wales

    AI-generated summary

    Nesta Jones · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Nesta Jones died in hospital on 8 May 2017 after being admitted with suspected septic arthritis of a prosthetic left knee. The report describes concerns about delayed consideration and treatment of septic arthritis, junior doctors not being encouraged to challenge consultant opinions, inadequate handling of the family’s urgent complaint, and the lack of a full investigation into the death.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to encourage junior doctors to challenge or discuss differing findings with consultant colleagues

    Wider context from the report

    “a. Nesta Jones was seen by a number of orthopaedic doctors of varying grades including consultants. There was a concern during the evidence that junior doctors may not reach a different opinion to their consultant colleagues where the consultants have seen patients prior, and that this opinion is then followed through the patient’s journey. If junior doctors are not encouraged to challenge or discuss their findings (which may be different) to their consultant colleagues or have professional discussions, then there is a risk of missing diagnoses. ”

    Source location

    Nesta Jones · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Issue and distribute a safety alert sharing learning and reinforcing listening to differing professional views, including junior clinicians’ concerns.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We are issuing a Safety Alert to share the learning from this case and to highlight and support the improvement of listening to differing professional views and concerns including those from more junior clinicians. This will be shared across the organisation by the end of April 2024.”

    Source location

    Response from Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board
    Page 1 · response
    Published 6 March 2024

    Open published response
  3. Nottinghamshire

    AI-generated summary

    WYNTER SOPHIA ANDREWS · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Wynter Sophia Andrews died after being delivered by caesarean section on 15 September 2019, following missed opportunities to monitor her wellbeing and concerns that she should have been delivered earlier. The report identified concerns about the lack of robust initial critical analysis of deaths and an unsafe culture within Midwifery Services, including failures to respond to staff safety concerns, facilitate professional challenge, and make decisions based on individualised patient risk.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to promote and facilitate professional challenge

    Wider context from the report

    “(b) Failure to promote and facilitate professional challenge Midwives spoke of their inability to professionally challenge plans made by medical staff, even in circumstances where they felt the plan might harm mother or baby. The culture failed to promote professional challenge and multi-disciplinary care of women. Decisions were often made in isolation, without understanding the full background and patient wishes. ”

    Source location

    WYNTER SOPHIA ANDREWS · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Pilot CTG interpretation training covering SBAR handover, escalation and professional challenge, with competency assessment and planned online rollout.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• We have developed a training session for staff based around CTG interpretation, which includes the use of SBAR handover, and tools for escalation and professional challenge. This training package is currently being piloted with the intention of launching online training by mid December 2020. An associated competency assessment will test the application of these concepts.”

    Source location

    2020-0202-Response-from-Nottingham-University-Hospitals-NHS-Trust_Redacted.pdf
    Page 5 · response
    Published 1 December 2020

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Embed CTG, SBAR, escalation and professional-challenge concepts into multiprofessional emergency training and in-situ skills drills.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• We will embed these concepts into staff multi-professional emergency training and in situ skills drills.”

    Source location

    2020-0202-Response-from-Nottingham-University-Hospitals-NHS-Trust_Redacted.pdf
    Page 5 · response
    Published 1 December 2020

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Update the Maternity Communication guideline to incorporate CTG, SBAR, escalation and professional-challenge concepts.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• The NUH Maternity Communication guideline will be updated to include the above concepts, with a draft to be reviewed in January 2021.”

    Source location

    2020-0202-Response-from-Nottingham-University-Hospitals-NHS-Trust_Redacted.pdf
    Page 5 · response
    Published 1 December 2020

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Hold communication events enabling staff to meet leadership and raise professional challenges.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• In December we have commenced a series of communication events allowing staff to meet directly with the leadership team, in which staff have been encouraged to raise professional challenge.”

    Source location

    2020-0202-Response-from-Nottingham-University-Hospitals-NHS-Trust_Redacted.pdf
    Page 5 · response
    Published 1 December 2020

    Open published response
  4. South Wales Central

    AI-generated summary

    Jenson James Francis · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Jenson James Francis was delivered by caesarean section and developed chorioamnionitis and funisitis in the context of maternal sepsis. The report records cardio-pulmonary failure following a failure to deliver him in good time and states that he was exposed to the effects of developing maternal sepsis. Principal concerns included poor CTG interpretation and training, unclear clinical leadership and communication, inadequate records, insufficient staffing and escalation, and wider systemic shortcomings in the maternity unit.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inability of junior staff to challenge or review clinical decisions

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The root cause analysis characterises the presence of a “dysfunctional team without a clear leader.” Evidence at the Inquest and in the report of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists dated 16th April 2019 identified a culture of unclear clinical leadership and a perceived inability on the part of more junior staff to challenge or review decisions. ”

    Source location

    Jenson James Francis · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement an organisational development plan supporting multidisciplinary teamwork and clinical leadership in maternity services.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “There is an Organisational Development Action Plan to focus on many areas of the multiprofessional teams in maternity services. Within the plan there is support for multidisciplinary team working and clinical leadership. Included in the plan are two study days in July and October 2019 supported by the Royal College of Midwives to improve clinical leadership and team working within the department. The mandatory professional training days include sessions on communication, record keeping and documentation and escalation. This plan focuses on individual team members as well as groups. PROMPT is now fully implemented into the Health Board with all staff booked for training before the end of March 2020. Training compliance is monitored through the HB Maternity Improvement Board.”

    Source location

    2019-0158-Response-by-University-Health-Board
    Page 1 · response
    Published 28 July 2019

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver Royal College of Midwives-supported clinical leadership and team-working study days.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “There is an Organisational Development Action Plan to focus on many areas of the multiprofessional teams in maternity services. Within the plan there is support for multidisciplinary team working and clinical leadership. Included in the plan are two study days in July and October 2019 supported by the Royal College of Midwives to improve clinical leadership and team working within the department. The mandatory professional training days include sessions on communication, record keeping and documentation and escalation. This plan focuses on individual team members as well as groups. PROMPT is now fully implemented into the Health Board with all staff booked for training before the end of March 2020. Training compliance is monitored through the HB Maternity Improvement Board.”

    Source location

    2019-0158-Response-by-University-Health-Board
    Page 1 · response
    Published 28 July 2019

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide multidisciplinary PROMPT training and reflection opportunities focused on emergency communication and caesarean-section decision-making.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The importance of ensuring the team communicate the level of urgency for caesarean section has been communicated to all staff via feedback on cases – newsletters and at clinical review meetings. The multidisciplinary team attend PROMPT training on a monthly basis which has a clear focus on the management of emergency clinical situations with clear team communication. Clinical incident review meetings and multidisciplinary reflection sessions gives an opportunity to review clinical decision making and communication in relation to the level of urgency of a caesarean section. Monitoring of the categorisation of caesarean section is included on the clinical audit plan for 2019/20.”

    Source location

    2019-0158-Response-by-University-Health-Board
    Page 2 · response
    Published 28 July 2019

    Open published response
  5. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Aniyah Jasmine Winston · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Aniyah Jasmine Winston was delivered vaginally in an undetected breech presentation and was in poor condition at birth after manipulation during delivery. Resuscitation was commenced and ceased at 10:59am. The concerns included the challenges of undetected breech births and the administration of Syntocinon without further review, examination, counselling or a written prescription; professionals involved reportedly felt unable to challenge the decision.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure of multidisciplinary team members to challenge incorrect clinical decisions

    Wider context from the report

    “2. The inquest was told by a number of medical professionals involved in Aniyah's birth that they whilst they felt the decision to give Syntocinon was incorrect they did not feel comfortable challenging the decision. The expert instructed was clear that at the time it was given it should not have been. The Trust has since the death of Aniyah put in place a detailed programme to improve confidence in challenging decision-making within a MDT setting. However the extent of recognition of the issue and steps to counter it nationally were unclear. ”

    Source location

    Aniyah Jasmine Winston · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026