Recurring concern

Unreliable Liaison and Diversion processes for people in custody

First to latest report 23 Jun 2022 — 9 Aug 2024

Reports that mention this concern
3
Times this concern has been raised
5
Stated actions linked to this concern
15

What this concern includes

Includes failures of the explicitly named Liaison and Diversion process, including recognition of contact triggers, referral or diversion decisions, role and responsibility arrangements, liaison between custody and Liaison and Diversion providers, and continuity of contact at release.

What is not included
  • Excludes generic mental-health, custody, communication or responsibility failures that are not explicitly tied to Liaison and Diversion.
  • Excludes unrelated youth diversion, Mental Health Liaison Team or community mental-health pathways unless the assertion explicitly connects them to Liaison and Diversion.
  • Excludes failures in clinical treatment or custody practice where no Liaison and Diversion control is deficient.

Reports and published responses 3 reports

See individual reports that have raised this concern, and the actions taken in response

  1. West Sussex, Brighton and Hove

    AI-generated summary

    Miles Ethan Hurley · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Miles Ethan Hurley died at 5.58am on 10 July 2022 after intentionally driving his father’s car towards an HGV lorry while experiencing a psychotic episode. The report identified concerns about inadequate communication and documentation between police officers, the Liaison Diversion Service and mental health services, including the handling of family information and mental health assessments while he was intoxicated. It also identified gaps in guidance, availability and procedures for mental health assessment, appropriate adult support and ongoing care in custody.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of appropriate LDS-police liaison templates

    Wider context from the report

    “4. Memorandum of Understanding between Midlands Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Police and Mitie The MOU does not adequately address the practical issues facing an LDS and the police services to ensure appropriate management of mental health assessment and ongoing care whilst an individual is in Custody. There is an absence of local or national ‘Standard Operating Procedures’ or guidelines as to when to obtain a mental health assessment if an individual is intoxicated, a lack of formal documentation procedures, or steps to be taken to encourage further sharing of available information between the LDS service and the police (the LDS practitioner was not fully informed of Miles’s presentation at arrest, was not informed of the concerns raised by the family regarding Miles’s acute deterioration in his mental health and had no access to police records to be better informed). Nor are there any appropriate templates available with regard to liaison between LDS and the police to ensure consistency and accuracy of available evidence. ”

    Source location

    Miles Ethan Hurley · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop a standard template and guidance with NPCC and CPS for transferring relevant Liaison and Diversion assessment information to police.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “‘NHS England to provide clear guidance to practitioners on what information should be uploaded to police custody logs to ensure consistency and relevance for decision-makers (e.g. custody welfare, bail, police and court outcomes). To be achieved in collaboration with the CPS and local police services.’”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 29 July 2024

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Add a standard template for written information shared with police colleagues to the Custody Pathway SOP.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In direct response to your concerns raised during the inquest into Mr Hurley’s death regarding the lack of guidelines to support a Liaison and Diversion practitioner as to when it is appropriate to undertake a formal mental health assessment if an individual is intoxicated rather than feeling obliged to do so because of their availability, MPFT are currently reviewing the Custody Pathway SOP. It has been agreed with the Senior Leadership Team in MPFT Health and Justice Services that written guidelines, regarding assessment of individuals who are intoxicated, are needed for MPFT staff. MPFT Custody Team Leaders are meeting on the 9th October 2024 to review the SOP to add:”

    Source location

    Response from Midlands Partnership NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 29 July 2024

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The memorandum concerns should be addressed by Midlands Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Police and MITRE.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Within the Regulation 28 you highlighted four main areas of concern. In my role as NPCC Lead for Custody, I will address the first three points. The fourth relates to a Memorandum of Understanding between Midlands Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex Police and MITRE, therefore, these organisations will be best placed to address your concerns. In relation to the areas of concern, please see below:”

    Source location

    Response from NPCC
    Page 1 · response
    Published 29 July 2024

    Open published response

  2. South Yorkshire (Eastern)

    AI-generated summary

    Peter Alfred Kelly · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Peter Alfred Kelly was released from police custody on the morning of 26 April 2023 and was found hanged at 07:45 the following day, believed to have been dead for some time. The concerns included failures to complete the pre-release risk assessment properly, understand processes for involving the Liaison and Diversion team, and recognise potential mental health vulnerabilities at release.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to understand processes for involving the Liaison and Diversion team

    Wider context from the report

    “1. Failure of a custody sergeant to understand the processes for involving Liaison and Diversion team. ”

    Source location

    Peter Alfred Kelly · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of understanding of triggers for Liaison and Diversion contact during custody and at release

    Wider context from the report

    “4. A lack of understanding as to the triggers which may lead to contact with LND not just during a person's time whilst held in custody but at the point of release. ”

    Source location

    Peter Alfred Kelly · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Circulate clarification on Liaison and Diversion triggers and priorities and place a reference flowchart at booking-in desks across all three custody suites.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “There is to be further clarification circulated to all Custody Sergeants and custody staff around the triggers and priorities for involving Liaison and Diversion, a flowchart will be provided by Liaison and Diversion and placed at each booking in desk for every Custody Sergeant to visually refer to when completing RA and PRA all three suites.”

    Source location

    Response from South Yorkshire Police
    Page 4 · response
    Published 13 August 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Hold individual discussions with the CPAG Custody Inspector for Custody Sergeants A and B to highlight lessons learned from the investigation.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Action:”

    Source location

    Response from South Yorkshire Police
    Page 7 · response
    Published 13 August 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    CONNECT does not prevent custody officers from entering the Liaison and Diversion flag to identify and prioritise detainees.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The CONNECT system does not provide any barriers to police officers entering ‘L&D’ as a flag to allow Liaison and Diversion to identify and prioritise those identified by Custody Sergeants at any point of detention, but Custody Sergeants A & B are aware of the L&D flag and how to add this but neither chose to do this (as in 1 above) and therefore preventing Liaison and Diversion in both identifying and prioritising.”

    Source location

    Response from South Yorkshire Police
    Page 5 · response
    Published 13 August 2025

    Open published response

  3. Birmingham and Solihull

    AI-generated summary

    Khalid Seneen Yousef · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Khalid Seneen Yousef was decapitated during a sustained knife assault at a premises in Birmingham on 4 January 2018. The report identifies concerns that a Liaison and Diversion clinician failed to recognise the perpetrator’s psychosis and refer him for mental health assessment, and that the custody-suite model lacked commissioned psychiatrists, with wider concerns about responsibility, training and supervision.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient understanding of the L&D police custody suite model’s role and limitations

    Wider context from the report

    “3. West Midlands Police officers and BSMHFT staff do not sufficiently understand the role and limitations of the L&D police custody suite model. ”

    Source location

    Khalid Seneen Yousef · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of clarity about responsibility for mentally unwell persons in custody

    Wider context from the report

    “2. Liaison and clarity is needed between Chief Constables and the Trusts providing L&D services on who has responsibility for mentally unwell persons in custody. ”

    Source location

    Khalid Seneen Yousef · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Discuss interagency responsibility and information-sharing for mentally unwell people in custody at the next JSOG meeting.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust has placed the matter onto the agenda at the next JSOG (Joint Strategic Operational Group), where the Trust meet with the Police and other stakeholders on a regular basis. The next meeting is due to take place on 18th August 2022. The meeting will discuss how to share this information between agencies to ensure that the message is shared clearly and clarity is gained around what the Liaison and Diversion Service are responsible for.”

    Source location

    Response form Birmingham and Solihul Mental Health Trust
    Page 1 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop and publish a weekly bulletin explaining the Liaison and Diversion Service’s role and limitations.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As stated in point 2 above the Trust intends to discuss this in more detail at the JSOG meeting in August. This meeting will address your concerns around cross-agency information. However, in order to address the internal issue around understanding the role of the Liaison and Diversion Service, the Manager of the team will be carrying out internal work with the Trust Communications Team to put a piece together as part of the weekly bulletin outlining what the team do. This will be completed in line with the outcome of the current tender for the new integrated offender health service, which will incorporate liaison and diversion in custody. This will ensure the greatest visibility, clarity and impact with the communication. We expect to be in a position to complete this in September 2022.”

    Source location

    Response form Birmingham and Solihul Mental Health Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Present the respective PCHS and L&D responsibilities for mental health crises at the NPCC Custody Forum Conference.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NHS England works collaboratively with all agencies and stakeholders to ensure a clear understanding of responsibilities for mentally unwell persons in custody. Recently, NHS England presented at the NPCC Custody Forum Conference (September 2022) and took the opportunity to emphasise the respective roles and reinforce the responsibilities of the PCHS and L&D service when responding to those in mental health crisis.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Commission and publish a career and competency framework defining L&D roles and required competencies.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NHS England commissioned Health Education England (HEE) and Skills for Health (SfH) to produce a career and competency framework for L&D services Career and Competence Framework | Info Hub | Skills for Health. This framework was published on 31 May 2018 and clearly sets out the respective job roles required within a multi-disciplinary L&D team, and the competencies required to discharge those roles. HEE and SfH are currently reviewing the content, as part of a wider piece of work to develop a career and competency framework across all of our Health & Justice non-custodial programmes of work.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 3 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Discuss cross-agency information sharing and clarify Liaison and Diversion Service responsibilities at the Joint Strategic Operational Group meeting.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust has placed the matter onto the agenda at the next JSOG (Joint Strategic Operational Group), where the Trust meet with the Police and other stakeholders on a regular basis. The next meeting is due to take place on 18th August 2022. The meeting will discuss how to share this information between agencies to ensure that the message is shared clearly and clarity is gained around what the Liaison and Diversion Service are responsible for.”

    Source location

    Response from Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health
    Page 1 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Publish a weekly bulletin explaining the Liaison and Diversion Service’s role and limitations to improve internal understanding.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As stated in point 2 above the Trust intends to discuss this in more detail at the JSOG meeting in August. This meeting will address your concerns around cross-agency information. However, in order to address the internal issue around understanding the role of the Liaison and Diversion Service, the Manager of the team will be carrying out internal work with the Trust Communications Team to put a piece together as part of the weekly bulletin outlining what the team do. This will be completed in line with the outcome of the current tender for the new integrated offender health service, which will incorporate liaison and diversion in custody. This will ensure the greatest visibility, clarity and impact with the communication. We expect to be in a position to complete this in September 2022.”

    Source location

    Response from Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide frontline staff with clear advice on the nature, scope and limitations of the current Liaison and Diversion function.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “For these reasons, in response to the second and third concerns identified by HM Area Coroner for Birmingham and Solihull, I have instructed that the following steps take place within six months of the date of this response:”

    Source location

    Response from West Midlands Police
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Present the respective PCHS and L&D responsibilities for mental health crises at the NPCC Custody Forum Conference.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NHS England works collaboratively with all agencies and stakeholders to ensure a clear understanding of responsibilities for mentally unwell persons in custody. Recently, NHS England presented at the NPCC Custody Forum Conference (September 2022) and took the opportunity to emphasise the respective roles and reinforce the responsibilities of the PCHS and L&D service when responding to those in mental health crisis.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Continue collaborative work with Police and Crime Commissioner counterparts to align PCHS, Liaison and Diversion specifications, responsibilities and locally commissioned services.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Home Office’s position usually indicates that it is for each PCC to determine the level of healthcare provision required for their area, however, NHS England acknowledges that unless each PCHS is designed to fit with the L&D service specification and other locally commissioned services, then the potential for gaps in service provision will remain. It would not be practicable for NHS England to commission a service to take on the role of the PCHS, and instead the PCHS and L&D service should continue to work closely, ensuring that the service specifications and responsibilities are clear, aligned and understood. NHS England’s national Health & Justice team officials will continue to work collaboratively with their counterparts at the PCC in this regard.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide all frontline staff with clear advice about the nature, scope and limitations of the current Liaison and Diversion function.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “For these reasons, in response to the second and third concerns identified by HM Area Coroner for Birmingham and Solihull, I have instructed that the following steps take place within six months of the date of this response:”

    Source location

    Response from West Midlands Police
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with policing and health partners to improve escalation processes between police and NHS services.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I can also confirm that Home Office officials work very closely with the NPCC, NHS England, the Department for Health and Social Care on a range of different issues relating to mental health and how healthcare partners and the police can work together most effectively. Currently, they are collectively working on how to improve escalation processes between the police and NHS and how mental health is managed in the custody environment with a view to the NPCC issuing guidance on effectively managing these referral pathways.”

    Source location

    Response from Home Office
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Custody staff may rely on and defer to qualified healthcare practitioners for mental and physical health assessments.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Turning to the third concern, following the evidence adduced at the inquest, it is acknowledged that the understanding of some WMP custody officers/staff in relation to the role and limitation of L&D requires improvement. Given that custody officers/staff are not medically trained, it is reasonable for them to be able to rely on, and defer to, the professional opinion of healthcare practitioners in relation to matters of mental and physical health. At the same time, it is accepted that custody officers/staff need to understand the differing levels of expertise of various clinicians and healthcare practitioners.”

    Source location

    Response from West Midlands Police
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    It would not be practicable for NHS England to commission a service to take on the Police Custody Healthcare Service role.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Home Office’s position usually indicates that it is for each PCC to determine the level of healthcare provision required for their area, however, NHS England acknowledges that unless each PCHS is designed to fit with the L&D service specification and other locally commissioned services, then the potential for gaps in service provision will remain. It would not be practicable for NHS England to commission a service to take on the role of the PCHS, and instead the PCHS and L&D service should continue to work closely, ensuring that the service specifications and responsibilities are clear, aligned and understood. NHS England’s national Health & Justice team officials will continue to work collaboratively with their counterparts at the PCC in this regard.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Responsibility for responding to mental health crises in custody rests with police custody healthcare services, not Liaison and Diversion services.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The inclusion of psychiatric provision within the makeup of L&D multi-disciplinary teams is not presently considered necessary. If and when an L&D practitioner identifies secondary mental health needs, that do not require immediate intervention, a supported referral is made to the appropriate local community mental health service. The PCHS operates within police custody suites 24 hours a day, whereas L&D services are generally present for 12 hours a day. In the event of a Mental Health Act assessment being required, this would be facilitated by the provider through the PCHS rather than L&D. As stated below, the two services work closely and their specifications make clear who has responsibility for responding to those in mental health crisis.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Existing national service specifications sufficiently clarify which services are responsible for responding to people in mental health crisis in custody.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The PCHS and L&D national service specifications are written to complement each other, and to make clear which service is responsible for responding to those in mental health crisis. NHS England’s national Health & Justice team officials work closely with their counterparts at the NPCC to ensure that the two specifications remain aligned.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Detainee welfare does not require direct police recruitment of clinicians because locally commissioned healthcare provision should be available.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In relation to the second concern, the mental and physical wellbeing of detainees is a matter for which the Chief Constable is ultimately responsible. This is a matter upon which both WMP and BSMHT are clear. However, it is important to note that this responsibility does not necessarily entail the direct recruitment of medical or mental health clinicians. As is common in custody provision across England, there is an expectation that locally commissioned health provision will be available to detainees in the same way that it would for members of the public who are not in detention. While it is my responsibility to maintain the welfare of detainees, this responsibility is discharged by establishing adequate processes and delivering appropriate training and direction to custody officers/staff about when and how to access clinical support.”

    Source location

    Response from West Midlands Police
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Psychiatrists are not presently considered necessary within L&D teams because non-urgent needs receive supported community mental health referrals.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The inclusion of psychiatric provision within the makeup of L&D multi-disciplinary teams is not presently considered necessary. If and when an L&D practitioner identifies secondary mental health needs, that do not require immediate intervention, a supported referral is made to the appropriate local community mental health service. The PCHS operates within police custody suites 24 hours a day, whereas L&D services are generally present for 12 hours a day. In the event of a Mental Health Act assessment being required, this would be facilitated by the provider through the PCHS rather than L&D. As stated below, the two services work closely and their specifications make clear who has responsibility for responding to those in mental health crisis.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    PCHS, rather than L&D, is responsible for responding to people in mental health crisis and facilitating required Mental Health Act assessments.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In summary, it is not the responsibility for L&D services to respond to those in mental health crisis, that function falls to PCHC services. Where an L&D practitioner has concerns regarding an individual’s mental health, that falls short of requiring an immediate crisis response, the expectation is that they will liaise with that individuals community mental health team for further advice (which may involve speaking with a psychiatrist or psychologist) and if the person has disengaged will provide a supported referral back into that service.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Existing PCHS and L&D service specifications sufficiently clarify responsibility for responding to people in mental health crisis.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The PCHS and L&D national service specifications are written to complement each other, and to make clear which service is responsible for responding to those in mental health crisis. NHS England’s national Health & Justice team officials work closely with their counterparts at the NPCC to ensure that the two specifications remain aligned.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 2 · response
    Published 22 September 2022

    Open published response

Actions and positions describe what organisations say in published responses. Implementation is not independently verified.

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Data last updated 7 September 2026