Recurring concern

Unreliable access to clinically required cardiology tests

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First reported 2 Oct 2020•Latest report 7 Apr 2025

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures in arranging, accessing, performing or providing clinically required cardiology tests, including delays in carrying out tests and inadequate out-of-hours or weekend availability where these can delay subsequent cardiac care or referral.

Not included

  • Excludes failures in cardiology assessment, specialist referral or treatment after the required cardiology tests have been completed and made available.
  • Excludes generic delays in blood tests, ECGs or other investigations where no cardiology-testing context is identified.
  • Excludes failures limited to interpreting, communicating or acting on completed cardiology-test results when test access and completion were reliable.
  • Excludes general cardiology service capacity or consultant availability deficiencies where the specific unsafe condition is not access to clinically required cardiology tests.
Reports
5

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
5

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2020–2025

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
9

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care2
NHS Greater Manchester Integrated Care Board2
Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport1
Department for Transport1
Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine1
NHS Central East Integrated Care Board1
NHS England1
Northamptonshire Safeguarding Children Partnership1
North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust1
Royal College of Emergency Medicine1
Royal College of Radiologists1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough

    AI-generated summary

    Christian James Gabriel Hobbs · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Christian James Gabriel Hobbs, a 17-year-old, suffered an acute deterioration at home and was taken to hospital on 26 December 2017, where he developed cardiac arrest and died after treatment was stopped. The inquest recorded multi-organ failure, cardiogenic shock and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Concerns included the absence of an echocardiogram before his arrest, non-targeted fluid management, delays in obtaining blood gases, team communication, radiology documentation, differential diagnosis, ECG interpretation, record keeping and emergency-department alarm data retention.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to obtain echocardiography for critically unwell patients in shock

    Wider context from the report

    “POINT B - RE: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Christian had not had an echocardiogram prior to his arrest. This was a concerning feature of his care in the ED given he was critically unwell and in a shocked state. ”

    Source location

    Christian James Gabriel Hobbs · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 15 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Include focused cardiac ultrasound for shock assessment in the emergency medicine training curriculum.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Point B – Echocardiography. Regarding your concern that echocardiography was not performed prior to cardiac arrest, we can confirm that the RCEM training curriculum at the time [1] did not include cardiac ultrasound for the purposes of shock assessment, it was only included as an adjunct in the setting of cardiac arrest. It would therefore have been an unreasonable expectation that a focused cardiac ultrasound for the assessment of shock should have taken place before cardiac arrest by the emergency medicine doctor. A subsequent curriculum update in 2021 did include focused cardiac ultrasound for shock assessment for emergency medicine doctors in their last years of training [2]. The RCEM also”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Emergency Medicine
    Page 1 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide echocardiography training to trainees.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “B. Echocardiography This case was not caused by an inability to perform an echocardiogram. Had cardiogenic shock been suspected, a Consultant Intensivist or an on duty Medical Registrar, who was also a trained Cardiology Registrar, could have performed the procedure. As was explained at the inquest hearing in October 2023, it is possible to train more clinicians to perform echocardiograms. However, for a clinician to maintain their accreditation to perform echocardiograms, it is obligatory to perform a certain number of echocardiograms annually. While Cardiologists and Intensivists routinely meet this requirement, it remains challenging for other specialty clinicians, including ED. Nevertheless, our trainees now receive echocardiography training.”

    Source location

    Response from North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Review HiLLO descriptors and consider clarifying echocardiography training and skills requirements.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The most recent curriculum for doctors training in intensive care medicine was implemented in 2021. As with all postgraduate medical training curricula it meets, and is informed by, the requirements mandated by the General Medical Council (GMC). One requirement is that a specific course or accreditation cannot be specified. Instead, the GMC has asked that training curricula are modelled to describe a number of high-level capabilities (so called ‘High Level Learning Outcomes, or HiLLOs). The curriculum for intensive care medicine contains fourteen HiLLOs. The use of focused echocardiography is covered in HiLLO 6:”

    Source location

    Response from Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine
    Page 1 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Consult on GPICS version 3 guidance, including standards for echocardiography access, image storage, training and quality assurance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Together with the Intensive Care Society, the Faculty publishes the Guideline for the Provision of Intensive Care Services (GPICS). Over the last decade, GPICS has become the definitive reference for planning, commissioning and delivery of adult intensive care services in the UK. GPICS version 3 is currently at the consultation stage. In the chapter of GPICS version 3 titled ‘Cardiovascular Support’, it is noted that:”

    Source location

    Response from Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine
    Page 1 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with hospital cardiology service providers to improve reliable access to emergent out-of-hours echocardiography.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    ““Whilst current guidelines recommend that hospitals who admit acute cardiology patients have access to echocardiography 24/7, this may not be universally available. Intensive care physicians have an important role in improving access to echocardiography out-of-hours to support / exclude the diagnosis of cardiac pathologies. This will ultimately facilitate triage. The sickest patients need to undergo emergent echocardiography by someone trained to British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) level 1 standard or higher.””

    Source location

    Response from Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine
    Page 2 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with providers to gain assurance that critically ill patients have 24/7 access to transthoracic or focused echocardiography.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “• CPICB will work with North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust and other providers caring for similar patient groups to gain assurance that mechanisms are in place to ensure critically ill patients have 24/7 access to either transthoracic echocardiography or focused echocardiography. This process will be undertaken through Clinical Quality Review Meetings and is expected to be completed by 30 June 2025.”

    Source location

    Response from Cambridgeshire and Peterborough ICB
    Page 2 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Pre-arrest focused cardiac ultrasound was not a reasonable expectation because the applicable emergency medicine curriculum did not include shock assessment.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Point B – Echocardiography. Regarding your concern that echocardiography was not performed prior to cardiac arrest, we can confirm that the RCEM training curriculum at the time [1] did not include cardiac ultrasound for the purposes of shock assessment, it was only included as an adjunct in the setting of cardiac arrest. It would therefore have been an unreasonable expectation that a focused cardiac ultrasound for the assessment of shock should have taken place before cardiac arrest by the emergency medicine doctor. A subsequent curriculum update in 2021 did include focused cardiac ultrasound for shock assessment for emergency medicine doctors in their last years of training [2]. The RCEM also”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Emergency Medicine
    Page 1 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The case was not caused by inability to perform echocardiography; appropriately trained clinicians could have performed the procedure if cardiogenic shock was suspected.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “B. Echocardiography This case was not caused by an inability to perform an echocardiogram. Had cardiogenic shock been suspected, a Consultant Intensivist or an on duty Medical Registrar, who was also a trained Cardiology Registrar, could have performed the procedure. As was explained at the inquest hearing in October 2023, it is possible to train more clinicians to perform echocardiograms. However, for a clinician to maintain their accreditation to perform echocardiograms, it is obligatory to perform a certain number of echocardiograms annually. While Cardiologists and Intensivists routinely meet this requirement, it remains challenging for other specialty clinicians, including ED. Nevertheless, our trainees now receive echocardiography training.”

    Source location

    Response from North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 15 April 2025

    Open published response
  2. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    James Neil COCKBURN · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    James Neil Cockburn had severe aortic stenosis and was awaiting assessment for suitability for open heart surgery when he suffered a myocardial infarction and died at home on 26 May 2023. The report identified delays in cardiology appointments and essential tests, together with communication delays between NHS trusts caused by separate IT systems, as substantive concerns affecting treatment planning and decision-making.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Shortage of suitably qualified professionals to carry out essential cardiac tests

    Wider context from the report

    “The inquest heard that despite the referral being in August 2022 he had to wait months for his appointment due to the demand on cardiac services. This was significant across Greater Manchester but reflected a national picture of significant delays in patients waiting to see a cardiologist. As a consequence patient/s with cardiac issues are subject to delays in treatment plans and decision making regarding suitability for potentially lifesaving surgical procedures. In Mr Cockburn’s case he died whilst waiting assessment for his suitability for open heart surgery. It was 9 months since the first referral. The position the inquest was told is exacerbated due to significant wait times for essential tests such as trans oesophageal echocardiograms to be carried out due to a shortage of suitably quailed professionals to carry them out. In his case the position was further exacerbated by delays in communication between two different trusts – NCA and MUFT. Their IT systems are completely separate and cannot transmit information into the others patient records easily. This meant that it was almost a month before the system at MUFT was updated with the test results from Salford Royal. ”

    Source location

    James Neil COCKBURN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver the Long-Term Workforce Plan, including expanded education, training, recruitment, retention, and strategic workforce planning.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “NHS England is working at a national level to deliver the Long-Term Workforce Plan. This is a robust and effective strategy to ensure we have the right number of people, with the right skills and support in place to be able to deliver the kind of care people need. It heralds the start of the biggest recruitment drive in health service history, but also of an ongoing programme of strategic workforce planning. It includes ambitious commitments to grow the workforce by significantly expanding domestic education, training and recruitment, as well as actions aimed at improving culture, leadership and wellbeing so that more staff are retained in NHS employment over the next 15 years.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 1 · response
    Published 4 July 2024

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Support local services to recover elective care, reduce waiting times, improve diagnostic turnaround, and create additional capacity for complex and urgent care.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In February 2022, NHS England published the Delivery plan for tackling the COVID-19 backlog of elective care which sets out that the NHS is working to recover elective care over a three-year period. The plan includes the ambition to bring down waiting times for elective care, as well as improving diagnostic turnaround times and pathways. This includes plans to support local areas to create extra capacity within NHS services to focus on more complex areas, such as cardiac surgery, and improve the service provision for the most clinically urgent patients.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 1 · response
    Published 4 July 2024

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    NHS Trusts, rather than NHS England, are responsible for ensuring safe staffing levels in day-to-day hospital operations.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “These actions will aim to close anticipated staffing shortfalls in the NHS in the long term, however NHS Trusts have a responsibility to ensure safe staffing levels in the current day to day operation of their hospitals. This is in line with CQC Regulation 18, which states that providers must deploy enough suitably qualified, competent and experienced staff to enable them to meet all other regulatory requirements.”

    Source location

    Response from NHS England
    Page 1 · response
    Published 4 July 2024

    Open published response
  3. Berkshire

    AI-generated summary

    James Ferris Baxter · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    James Ferris Baxter, a passenger-carrying coach driver, died at Junction 15 of the M25 while driving a coach with 25 passengers on board after suffering an acute right coronary artery thrombosis. The coach crashed but was brought to a stop by a passenger, causing minor injuries and vehicle damage. Concerns included the renewal and medical assessment process for his Category D licence, and whether risk-based cardiovascular assessment and relevant diabetes and cholesterol information should be incorporated into driver licensing assessments.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of cardiac stress testing for asymptomatic individuals

    Wider context from the report

    “4) I received evidence that DVLA does commission functional cardiac stress testing for those with known cardiovascular disease, or those with symptoms suspected to be related to cardiac disease but this arises only in cases where such conditions are declared. Apparently there is no mechanism in place to diagnose asymptomatic individuals with these tests, but the evidence in the investigation indicated that a risk-based stratification system (for example a Q-Risk score) which takes account of age and comorbidities, rather than just cardiac symptoms, was feasible to reduce the risk of incidents of this type, thereby prompting consideration of stress testing. Alternatively a periodic stress test related to age was suggested as a means of ameliorating risk. Evidence was also provided indicating that on the D4 form there should be a provision to fill in HbA1c and cholesterol results produced within the previous 3 months as obtained by the applicant from a GP. ”

    Source location

    James Ferris Baxter · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The DVLA can act only on information received from licence holders or healthcare professionals about known medical conditions.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I have noted your suggestions regarding the possibility of adding Hbac1 and cholesterol readings as standard to the D4 forms, as a way of screening for risk of heart-related conditions. Currently, the DVLA can only act on information received from licence holders and/or healthcare professionals about known medical conditions.”

    Source location

    2024-0194 Response from Department for Transport
    Page 3 · response
    Published 29 April 2024

    Open published response
  4. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Ellen Lillian MacFarlane · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ellen Lillian MacFarlane had an accidental fall at her care home and waited over five hours for an ambulance before being taken to hospital, where she was found to have a fractured neck of femur. She underwent surgery, subsequently deteriorated, and died at Tameside General Hospital. The concerns included delays in ambulance provision and difficulties obtaining cardiac tests at weekends, contributing to delays in deciding when to operate on fractured neck of femur patients.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Unavailability of out-of-hours cardiac testing in District General Hospitals

    Wider context from the report

    “2. Evidence before the inquest indicated that over a weekend Ellen MacFarlane required cardiac tests that could not be provided easily in a District General Hospital setting due to availability of services/staff at DGHs out of hours. As a consequence where an operation for a fractured neck of femur has been put on hold pending further tests there is an inbuilt additional delay over a weekend before a decision can be taken as to the optimum point at which to operate. This situation at DGHs appears to create a situation which is inconsistent with the drive to operate at the earliest possible point when a patient has been optimised to secure the best outcome as set out in the NICE Guidance. ”

    Source location

    Ellen Lillian MacFarlane · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Emergency cardiac scans outside normal hours are addressed by transferring patients to a tertiary centre.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “My officials have consulted NHS England (NHSE) and the Care Quality Commission (CQC) regarding your concern over the availability of cardiac tests over the weekend. We are advised that, had there been an emergency need for scans outside of hours, that Ms MacFarlane would have been transferred to a tertiary centre. More broadly the Trust has governance in place to reduce delays outside the 36-hour timeframe to support compliance with NICE guidance for patients with a fractured neck of femur requiring surgery. This includes urgent review of theatre capacity by the divisional management team to schedule surgeries as soon as possible, and root cause analysis of misses to identify reasons for delays and opportunities for learning.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 1 · response
    Published 7 November 2022

    Open published response
  5. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Brian Richard Murphy · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Brian Richard Murphy had congestive cardiac failure and significant coronary artery narrowing, deteriorated suddenly after being referred to cardiology, and died at Stepping Hill Hospital on 17 February 2020 following an acute myocardial infarction. The inquest heard that delays in the cardiology test referral system delayed tests and referrals to cardiology clinics.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in cardiology tests being carried out

    Wider context from the report

    “The inquest heard that the system for referrals for cardiology tests meant that there were delays in tests being carried out which led to delays in patients being referred to the cardiology clinic to see a cardiologist. ”

    Source location

    Brian Richard Murphy · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 1 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement the changed NT-proBNP testing and referral pathway, including urgency thresholds for echocardiography and heart failure services.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The test has subsequently changed to a NT-proBNP for which the values are different:-”

    Source location

    2020-0193-Response-from-NHS-Stockport-CCG_Redacted.pdf
    Page 3 · response
    Published 26 November 2020

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    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    There were no delays; investigations and referrals followed correct, timely processes and pathways, so the reported cardiology-timescale risk did not arise in this case.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your report asks for an account of steps that we will be taking in relation to cardiology investigation timescales in order to reduce potentially avoidable deaths. I find myself in an unusual position in that whilst I am keen to respond appropriately to your request, my review identified that there were no delays in this case and that the correct processes and pathways were followed from the point of consultation with the GP through to the ordering of the echocardiogram and referral to specialist cardiology services.”

    Source location

    2020-0193-Response-from-NHS-Stockport-CCG_Redacted.pdf
    Page 3 · response
    Published 26 November 2020

    Open published response
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Data last updated 7 September 2026