Recurring concern

Inadequate staff training for managing complex care needs

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First reported 12 May 2014•Latest report 25 Apr 2024

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures of training, preparation or competence assurance specifically intended to equip staff to manage people with complex care, health, mental-health, capacity or safeguarding needs.

Not included

  • Excludes generic staff-training deficiencies where complex care needs are not the identified safety concern.
  • Excludes training for a separately named safety system, hazard or operational process when that named concern provides the more specific boundary.
  • Excludes staffing shortages, supervision failures and poor care delivery where no deficiency in preparation for managing complex care needs is identified.
  • Excludes specialist training concerns limited to a single clinical procedure, diagnosis or professional function unless they are explicitly part of preparation for managing complex care needs.
Reports
10

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
10

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2014–2024

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
6

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care3
NHS England3
Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust1
Camino Healthcare Limited1
Care Quality Commission1
Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust1
Chippenham Community Hospital1
College of Paramedics1
Department for Education1
Devon Partnership NHS Trust1
Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1
Hafod Community Mental Health Team1
Hindley Prison1
HM Prison and Probation Service1
Home Office1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Leicester City and South Leicestershire

    AI-generated summary

    Ash BANNISTER · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ash Bannister, a 16-year-old who was gender neutral, died in a residential care home on 7 August 2021 after being found hanging. Principal concerns included the removal of Ash’s personal Ligature Risk Assessment without documented reasons, inadequate documentation and communication, inconsistent waking-night cover, failure to follow the support plan, staff training gaps, and an investigation process described as not fit for purpose.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delayed completion of required staff training

    Wider context from the report

    “The Court heard evidence from one member of staff who worked at a United Children’s Services care home for a period of 4.5 months and did not know what Child Sexual Exploitation was. The Court heard evidence to confirm that new staff members have 6 months to complete all of their training meaning it is possible to have staff members working with children with complex needs and vulnerabilities who do not have a full understanding of the spectrum of their needs due to not having completed all of their training yet. ”

    Source location

    Ash BANNISTER · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Mandatory safeguarding training was completed within the first month, with additional elective training taking up to six months.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We note your concern that staff members have six months to complete their full training. The training mandated by our regulatory body, Ofsted, is completed within the first month of induction to the service. United Health chooses to provide additional learning for the benefit of both the staff and the young people we support, and therefore engages in elective courses to strengthen knowledge. It is this additional learning that takes up to six months, not the mandatory learning required by the regulator.”

    Source location

    Response from United Childrens Services
    Page 6 · response
    Published 30 April 2024

    Open published response
  2. West London

    AI-generated summary

    Jack Peter Zarrop · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Jack Peter Zarrop, who had a history of mental-health difficulties, alcohol abuse and previous suicide attempts, died by suicide while in custody. The jury identified failures relating to referral to Liaison and Diversion services, opening an ACCT, access to relevant history, and removal of a bedsheet and closure of a hatch as main contributing factors. The report raised concerns about the use and training of Custodial Nurse Practitioners in police custody and the training of agency prison healthcare staff in the ACCT process.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of adequate mental health training for Custodial Nurse Practitioners seeing high-risk and complex patients in police custody

    Wider context from the report

    “1.    The use of Custodial Nurse Practitioners (CNPs) in Police custody instead of doctors. The 2003 Home Office circular appeared to envisage nurses working alongside doctors, when this is not how they are deployed. CNPs are also seeing high risk and complex patients without adequate training in mental health. The deployment in Police custody of CNPs places detained persons at risk of death in the future. The 2003 Home Office circular also does not recognise the risk of suicide and self-harm as being a core competency. ”

    Source location

    Jack Peter Zarrop · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Work with NHS England and other stakeholders to deliver a fit-for-purpose police custody healthcare service specification.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I have reviewed the 2003 circular and would like to highlight that custodial healthcare has changed considerably since that point. The 2003 circular refers to the practice of using Police Surgeons in custody, this role is no longer in existence. Police Custody is a very regulated and scrutinised area of policing, it plays a pivotal role in the criminal justice process and cares for some of the most challenging and vulnerable people in society at what is often a very testing time. Our aim is to be effective, safe and to ensure that people are treated fairly, with as much dignity as possible. Having professional officers and staff who are well trained is essential. The NPCC Custody Portfolio works closely with NHS England, partners, and other stakeholders to deliver a service specification that is fit for purpose.”

    Source location

    Response from National Police Chief's Council
    Page 1 · response
    Published 6 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide the latest draft National Healthcare Specification, including requirements for governance, qualifications, competency assessment and clinical supervision.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Chief Officers are able to use the National Healthcare Specification to determine the type of medical care they require. The Specification can be tailored by forces should they not require all elements, and they can tender for the services they need; but the document is clear with regard training and qualifications. I attach the latest version of the service specification (draft until ratified by NHSE Clinical Reference Group – Nov 2023), which may be useful, and would like to highlight the following sections which I hope will provide you with reassurance:”

    Source location

    Response from National Police Chief's Council
    Page 2 · response
    Published 6 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Responsibility for custodial nurse practitioners in police custody settings lies with the Police Chiefs’ Council, not NHS England.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Regarding the matter of concern around the use of Custodial Nurse Practitioners, this is for the Police Chief Council to respond to. NHS England does not hold responsibility for commissioning healthcare in police custody settings, therefore cannot comment.”

    Source location

    Response from NHSE
    Page 2 · response
    Published 6 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The NPCC response addresses the remaining content of the first matter of concern.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “However, this in no way represents a lack of interest in the issues which you have identified. As the response to your report from the Chair of the NPCC sets out, the 2003 Circular has effectively been superseded by the publication of the National Healthcare Specification for police custody, which is written by NHS England on behalf of the NPCC, College of Policing and Home Office, and which Chief Constables may use when tendering for healthcare provision. That document is far more comprehensive than the 2003 Circular. The Home Office has a close interest in the content of the Specification, and in ensuring that highly qualified and capable medical personnel work in police custody. I understand that the NPCC response also represents the response to the remaining content of your first matter of concern.”

    Source location

    Response from the Home Office
    Page 2 · response
    Published 6 October 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The national healthcare specification adequately addresses custody healthcare qualifications, competency, supervision and training for doctors, nurses and paramedics.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Chief Officers are able to use the National Healthcare Specification to determine the type of medical care they require. The Specification can be tailored by forces should they not require all elements, and they can tender for the services they need; but the document is clear with regard training and qualifications. I attach the latest version of the service specification (draft until ratified by NHSE Clinical Reference Group – Nov 2023), which may be useful, and would like to highlight the following sections which I hope will provide you with reassurance:”

    Source location

    Response from National Police Chief's Council
    Page 2 · response
    Published 6 October 2023

    Open published response
  3. West London

    AI-generated summary

    Jacqueline Elizabeth Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Jacqueline Elizabeth Smith took her own life by overdosing on prescribed medication at home and died in Hillingdon Hospital on 12 August 2022. She had poor physical health and considerable anxiety while seeking council assistance with hoarded possessions, and a mental health assessment was not performed after she contacted a crisis telephone service. The inquest identified concerns including insufficient staff training for complex hoarder cases, missing safety assessments, an unsuitable council flow chart, and a lack of clear options after the initial assistance plan failed.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient staff training for dealing with complex hoarder cases

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) The inquest identified that there was insufficient staff training to deal with complex hoarder cases. ”

    Source location

    Jacqueline Elizabeth Smith · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver mandatory hoarding training to all Housing Management officers by the end of November 2023.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Although training has previously been delivered to Housing Management staff by Hoarding UK, further training will be delivered to all Officers within Housing Management by the end of November 2023 as part of mandatory annual refresher training across the Service.”

    Source location

    Response from London Borough of Hillingdon
    Page 3 · response
    Published 6 September 2023

    Open published response
  4. West London

    AI-generated summary

    Lance Scott Walker · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Lance Scott Walker, an 18-year-old looked-after child, was placed in unregulated accommodation in 2016, where another 18-year-old resident was later placed. Eleven days after they were placed together, the other resident fatally stabbed Lance in the afternoon of 15 August 2016. Concerns included the use and oversight of unregulated accommodation, inadequate assessment and communication of the other resident’s risks and needs, shortcomings in placement and provider due diligence, and failures in information-sharing and management.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inadequate training among supported accommodation providers

    Wider context from the report

    “1 Response requested from Secretary of State for Education and Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Lance was only exposed to his killer because he was obliged to live in the designated accommodation. Although the 2 relevant Councils were duty bound to house both individuals up until the age of 21 under the Leaving Care Act, there is currently no provision for the over 18’s. Regulation is being introduced for 16-17 year olds in April 2023. Both Councils were in agreement that Regulation of this sector would be welcomed to support them in carrying out their statutory obligations. A set of minimum requirements to introduce clear guidance across the sector would benefit the residents, the providers and all stakeholders in this particularly challenging sector. Currently OFSTED does not have an obligation to be involved and this falls outside the CQC’s regulation as the provision is not for “care” but support. The provision is made from an entirely un-regulated sector, resulting in some organisations offering accommodation with inadequate training, staffing or knowledge to meet the complex needs of some of our most vulnerable individuals. Consideration should be given to introducing regulation for at least 18-21 year old individuals. This issue remains a concern for all those who work within it. ”

    Source location

    Lance Scott Walker · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report
  5. Black Country

    AI-generated summary

    Ms Shannon Quinn · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ms Shannon Quinn, a 24-year-old woman with a complex mental health history and repeated self-harm, was found hanging in her room at Oak House on 9 January 2019 and was pronounced deceased shortly afterwards. The report identified concerns including inadequate information sharing and joint care planning, insufficient staff training, escalating ligature risk without sufficient environmental measures, and failure to adhere to five-minute observations.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inconsistent and minimal training for care staff in managing complex patient needs

    Wider context from the report

    “2. There was inconsistent and minimal training provided to Oak House staff in respect of managing SQ’s complex needs by the Mental Health Trust. ”

    Source location

    Ms Shannon Quinn · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Follow up Oak House’s planned staff-training improvements at the next scheduled inspection.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In response to our inspection findings, Camino Healthcare Limited submitted an action plan that detailed their intention to review the training provided to staff. We will follow this up at our next scheduled inspection to ensure that sufficient action has been taken to improve the training provided to staff.”

    Source location

    2019-0499-Response-from-CQC-Redacted
    Page 3 · response
    Published 25 March 2020

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Regulations do not prescribe specific staff training content or format, limiting the ability to require a particular training approach.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As you may be aware the fundamental standards regulations we inspect against do not prescribe what particular training providers must provide to their staff, nor in what format. However, registered providers must ensure that:”

    Source location

    2019-0499-Response-from-CQC-Redacted
    Page 6 · response
    Published 25 March 2020

    Open published response
  6. Wiltshire and Swindon

    AI-generated summary

    Doreen Helen MILLER · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Doreen Helen MILLER, a vulnerable and housebound adult, was discharged home after an intermediate-care placement despite concerns about unusual toileting behaviour, possible cognitive impairment, self-neglect and limited provisions. She was found severely hypothermic in her cold, dark flat the next morning and died at hospital on 13 January 2016. The principal concerns included safeguarding referrals not being properly investigated, important cognitive information not being communicated, poor record-keeping and decision-making, insufficient assessment of mental capacity, and inadequate systems for reviewing serious incidents and learning from them.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient training for therapy-led teams handling complex cases

    Wider context from the report

    “d) (Wiltshire Health & Care) As part of the evidence I heard that Doreen in the opinion of an Expert Geriatric Psychiatrist, not only had a mental impairment (cognitive impairment more likely with underlying dementia) but also more importantly that in relation to a serious and complex decision to return home she was of the view, in respect of which I accepted, that more likely than not Doreen could not understand her needs and was unable to recognise the risk of refusing the safeguarding recommendations and that in relation to her decision to return home and those associated decisions that she did not have mental capacity. I indicated in my summing up that this was a difficult case but I feel that the training given especially to the Therapy led members of the team did not sufficiently prepare them to deal with very complicated cases such as Doreen’s although that having been said if the advice that had been given had been followed the outcome possibly would have been different. I was however satisfied that had the advice been followed and a capacity test undertaken that Doreen would not have returned home when she did and therefore would not have died when she did. It was also readily apparent to me that members of the Therapy led Team and particularly ███████ was unaware that the safeguarding measures, part of the Mental Capacity Act and in particular the ability to secure either and urgent or standard authorisation for the deprivation of somebody’s liberty was not available where the individual concerned lives in the community and where their care is paid for privately. One witness said those cases can be extremely challenging and essentially those trying to do their best for the individual essentially have to wait for the next crisis to occur before they may be given an opportunity to introduce safeguarding measures. Had the mental impairment been recognised and the mental capacity assessment been carried out revealing that she did not have mental capacity in relation to the serious and complex decision to return home and associated decisions concerning additional safeguarding measures and if Doreen still wished to return home then it may have been in her best interests to have considered Deprivation of Liberty Safeguarding Order. I would hope that this particular case in particular could be used as a specific training case by all organisations involved but I have concerns that there were material gaps in individuals’ knowledge bases. ”

    Source location

    Doreen Helen MILLER · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report
  7. Exeter and Greater Devon

    AI-generated summary

    Louise Turner · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Louise Turner died on 27 June 2014 from inhalation of helium after recently being discharged from a lengthy inpatient stay while receiving treatment for a serious mental health illness. The report raised concerns about inadequate post-discharge care and contact, ineffective duty and buddying arrangements, expectations that patients initiate contact, and the absence of female intensive psychiatric care beds in Devon.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inadequate staff training on responsibility for patient contact

    Wider context from the report

    “(3) There was a suggestion at Inquest that the patients themselves were expected to be in charge of making contact. In cases of severe mental health, this does not appear to be appropriate or realistic, and the Devon Partnership Trust should reconsider this and/or the training of their staff who hold this belief. ”

    Source location

    Louise Turner · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  8. Inner North London

    AI-generated summary

    Sabrina Stevenson · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Sabrina Stevenson, aged 28, died on 16 December 2012 from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy after delays in ambulance response and assessment. The report identified concerns about ambulance response times, staffing vacancies, outstanding training issues, the absence of certain call-handling and clinical systems, pre-hospital assessment, extraction techniques, and governance processes.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Training case studies failing to cover relevant ectopic pregnancy and transient capacity issues

    Wider context from the report

    “(3) Several training issues were prominent at the inquest and evidence has been provided as to how some issues have been addressed. However, I am concerned that some training issues remain outstanding; (a) I heard from the consultant Gynaecologist that all women of child-bearing age, with abdominal pain, should be considered to be pregnant, until proven otherwise through pregnancy testing. This contrasts with the training material provided by LAS and also with their stance on not (currently) testing for pregnancy on the scene; (b) Given the issues raised by the independent expert regarding extraction techniques, I remain concerned that the crews had insufficient knowledge of alternatives steps, which could have been taken to remove Sabrina to the ambulance; (c) Evidence has been provided that specific training ‘case studies’ will be or have been published on the issues of ectopic pregnancy and transient capacity. Given that issues arose during the inquest, as to whether such case studies appropriately covered the relevant points, I seek confirmation that these case studies have been published (through provision of copies), so that I can be reassured that these training issues have been addressed; ”

    Source location

    Sabrina Stevenson · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Deliver the mandatory Core Skills refresher case-study training on ectopic pregnancy, hypovolaemia and fluctuating capacity to remaining operational staff.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “A copy of the case study entitled “Learning from Experience” in the mandatory Core Skills refresher training programme 2015. 1 is attached. The case study covers ectopic pregnancy, hypovolaemia, and fluctuating capacity. Also attached is a copy of the achievement record identifying the learner outcomes and objectives completed by the tutor and “student”. As at the 19 May 2015 347 staff (11% of operational staff) had completed the Core Skills refresher training programme, and the remainder of operational staff are expected to complete their training by 3 July 2015.”

    Source location

    2015-0126-Response-by-London-Ambulance-Service
    Page 5 · response
    Published 30 March 2015

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Publish a clinical case study and expert commentary on potential ruptured ectopic pregnancy in the August 2015 newsletter.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “1. The College of Paramedics will include a clinical case study and expert commentary on potential ruptured ectopic pregnancy in its August 2015 newsletter which will aim to increase awareness of the risks associated with such cases”

    Source location

    2015-0126-Response-by-College-of-Paramedics
    Page 6 · response
    Published 30 March 2015

    Open published response
  9. Manchester West

    AI-generated summary

    Jake Reginald Hardy · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Jake Reginald Hardy, a 17-year-old detained at HM YOI Hindley, died on 20 January 2012 after being found partially suspended by a ligature in his cell. The report describes failures to identify, record and respond to his vulnerabilities, self-harm risk and reports of verbal bullying, including failures in safeguarding, ACCT care planning, supervision and overnight risk assessment. Concerns also included ligature points in cells, inadequate personal officer support, staff training and communication systems, and limited access to family telephone support.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient staff understanding of vulnerable young persons’ complex needs and their causes

    Wider context from the report

    “1. A number of the prison staff from HM YOI Hindley who gave evidence at the inquest clearly lacked (a) any or sufficient aptitude or temperamential suitability for the demands of working with vulnerable young persons with complex needs and/or (b) any or sufficient understanding of those needs and their causes (such as the nature and effect of specific learning difficulties and the effect of abuse or neglect in childhood). I have been told that these matters are now addressed to some extent by the Youth Justice Board and HM YOI Hindley but that further changes are being considered to the way in which prison staff working in Young Offender Institutes are recruited, screened for aptitude and trained. I report this concern so that any outstanding further steps can be considered. ”

    Source location

    Jake Reginald Hardy · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report
  10. Inner West London

    AI-generated summary

    Keiran Michael John Toman · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Keiran Michael John Toman had fixed delusions, withdrew from social and psychiatric support, and subsequently starved himself to death due to paranoia before being found deceased in a hotel. The report raised concerns that psychiatric services did not maintain contact with his family despite his lack of insight and capacity, potentially leaving him isolated and increasing the risk of deterioration and death.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Insufficient training of psychiatric staff to assess patients’ capacity to decline contact with next of kin

    Wider context from the report

    “(3) That some psychiatric staff may be insufficiently trained to assess the capacity of patients to decline contact with next of kin and thus the best interest of such patients is compromised. ”

    Source location

    Keiran Michael John Toman · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026