Recurring concern

Inadequate competence in neonatal resuscitation

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First reported 21 Apr 2015•Latest report 10 Feb 2025

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures of neonatal-resuscitation competence arrangements, including insufficient clinical exposure, training, simulation, supervised practice, refresher provision, competence assessment or assurance for paediatricians, neonatal clinicians and other staff expected to perform or support neonatal resuscitation.

Not included

  • Excludes adult or general resuscitation competence concerns where neonatal resuscitation is not materially involved.
  • Excludes generic first-aid, emergency-response or staff-training deficiencies without a direct neonatal-resuscitation connection.
  • Excludes shortages or unavailability of neonatal resuscitation equipment where clinician competence is not the deficient control.
  • Excludes failures in neonatal diagnosis, treatment or referral that do not concern competence to perform or support neonatal resuscitation.
Reports
5

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
6

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2015–2025

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
12

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health2
Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1
Care Quality Commission1
Department of Health and Social Care1
East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust1
General Medical Council1
NHS England1
North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust1
Recipient name withheld1
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Yahya Muhammad Hayat · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Yahya Muhammad Hayat was born at Tameside Hospital on 12 April 2024 following a maternal uterine rupture and severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, and died at Royal Oldham Hospital on 25 April 2024 after compassionate care was commenced and he was extubated. The inquest identified concerns about the lack of continuous monitoring and delays in medical review and decision-making before delivery, as well as changes to paediatric specialist training for neonatal intubation.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of compulsory direct observed training for paediatric middle grades performing neonatal intubation

    Wider context from the report

    “The court heard evidence of changes to paediatric specialist training that has removed the requirement that paediatric middle grades undergo compulsory direct observed training to be assessed as competent to perform neonatal intubation. The following matters of concern arise from this : (1) The fact training is no longer compulsory, increases the reliance on consultants ( who in some clinical settings may be non-resident on call depending when delivery takes place) ; and (2) Consultant general paediatricians of the future will have a lower level of experience than is currently the case of complex neonatal resuscitation ”

    Source location

    Yahya Muhammad Hayat · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 4 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide neonatal airway management training through Progress+ neonatology placements.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Progress+ curriculum for paediatrics provides placements in neonatology between ST1-4, providing opportunities to develop knowledge and practical skills. Historically, training in safe airway management and intubation has taken place on neonatal placements and this will carry on during Progress+.”

    Source location

    Response from RCPCH
    Page 1 · response
    Published 14 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Strengthen the Progress+ curriculum's neonatal airway capabilities, emphasizing non-invasive airway management and specialty-level safe intubation and difficult-airway management.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “As noted in the report, with the introduction of the new Progress+ curriculum, the requirements for a mandatory successful DOPS (direct observation of procedural skills) for neonatal intubation has been removed, however key capabilities to manage a neonatal airway safely have been broadened and strengthened. This is in line with current evidence that in most cases a neonatal airway can be maintained more safely and reliably with non-invasive techniques, especially in inexperienced hands.”

    Source location

    Response from RCPCH
    Page 1 · response
    Published 14 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Develop a neonatal airway safety standard with BAPM addressing skills maintenance and ongoing training.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have also worked with the British Association of Perinatal Medicine, BAPM, to develop a neonatal airway safety standard that aligns with our curriculum. There is a very clear focus in this document on maintaining skills and ongoing training, and the document contains several resources (log books, multiprofessional simulations etc). to support professionals with the maintenance of skills. We will ensure we are signposting our members to this resource accordingly.”

    Source location

    Response from RCPCH
    Page 2 · response
    Published 14 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Signpost members to the neonatal airway safety standard and its skills-maintenance resources.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have also worked with the British Association of Perinatal Medicine, BAPM, to develop a neonatal airway safety standard that aligns with our curriculum. There is a very clear focus in this document on maintaining skills and ongoing training, and the document contains several resources (log books, multiprofessional simulations etc). to support professionals with the maintenance of skills. We will ensure we are signposting our members to this resource accordingly.”

    Source location

    Response from RCPCH
    Page 2 · response
    Published 14 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Removing mandatory neonatal intubation DOPS does not necessarily increase risk because non-invasive airway management is safer and the former DOPS provided false reassurance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “1. The fact training [specifically compulsory direct observed training to be assessed as competent to perform neonatal intubation] is no longer compulsory, increases the reliance on consultants (who in some clinical settings may be non-resident on call depending on when delivery takes place)”

    Source location

    Response from RCPCH
    Page 1 · response
    Published 14 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operational delivery networks are responsible for supporting airway and resuscitation skill maintenance across neonatal units, particularly where skills are infrequently used.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We acknowledge that, as care of the sickest neonates is concentrated in Level 3 units and the need for intubation is overall reduced, this can result in less opportunity for training and for maintaining skills. This goes well beyond a single procedural capability in the training curriculum for early years trainees, especially in an era of a multiprofessional workforce and increasing numbers of locally-employed doctor staff, especially at more junior levels.”

    Source location

    Response from RCPCH
    Page 2 · response
    Published 14 February 2025

    Open published response
  2. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Luca Yates · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Luca Yates was born by emergency caesarean section on 23 January 2022 after fetal bradycardia was detected, and died the following day after difficult resuscitation. The inquest found that he died from complications of asphyxia around the time of birth, with concerns including failure to recognise established or transitioning labour, absence of hospital monitoring, and non-use of 100% oxygen during part of resuscitation. The report also raised concerns about future paediatric doctors having reduced experience in neonatal resuscitation.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Reduction in paediatric middle grades' practical experience in neonatal resuscitation

    Wider context from the report

    “The court heard evidence as to planned changes to paediatric specialist training which will result in a reduction in amount of time specialty trainees are required to spend gaining experience in Level 3 Neonatal units. The following matters of concern arise from this:- 1) It is a matter of concern that paediatric middle grades may have reduced practical experience in resuscitation of neonates born in poor condition, that will increase the reliance on Consultants (who in some clinical settings may be non-resident on call depending when delivery takes place); and 2) It is a matter of concern that Consultant general paediatricians of the future will have a lower level of experience than is currently the case of complex neonatal resuscitation. ”

    Source location

    Luca Yates · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lower level of consultant general paediatricians' experience in complex neonatal resuscitation

    Wider context from the report

    “The court heard evidence as to planned changes to paediatric specialist training which will result in a reduction in amount of time specialty trainees are required to spend gaining experience in Level 3 Neonatal units. The following matters of concern arise from this:- 1) It is a matter of concern that paediatric middle grades may have reduced practical experience in resuscitation of neonates born in poor condition, that will increase the reliance on Consultants (who in some clinical settings may be non-resident on call depending when delivery takes place); and 2) It is a matter of concern that Consultant general paediatricians of the future will have a lower level of experience than is currently the case of complex neonatal resuscitation. ”

    Source location

    Luca Yates · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Require all core trainees to spend time in a neonatal setting during training.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “It is true that there are no specific mandatory placements during core training. This is because the curricular learning outcomes and key capabilities are generic in nature and can be acquired in most settings. However, in order to meet the key capabilities related to neonatal care (see below) and to prepare trainees to be on tier 2 rotas at ST4 covering neonatal units, all trainees will spend time during their core training in a neonatal setting. Full”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    Page 1 · response
    Published 13 November 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use a formal supervisor assessment to confirm trainee readiness for tier 2 rota work.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The capabilities to lead neonatal resuscitation will be largely acquired and maintained through training and simulation, augmented by clinical experience. The key capabilities needed are outlined in the core syllabus document and are clearly aligned to the need for neonatal resuscitation skills. It is our view that these key capabilities, combined with our new 'readiness for tier 2 working' assessment form, and the much more specific (and safe) airway capabilities in the core curriculum do provide safe training to manage neonatal resuscitation as the first senior responder – always with consultant support available to come in from home. In addition, there continues to be a requirement to be a current Newborn Life Support (NLS) provider in order to work on the tier 2 rota.”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    Page 2 · response
    Published 13 November 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Require general paediatric specialty trainees to spend time in a neonatal setting.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “E. General paediatric consultants experience of neonatal resuscitation”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    Page 3 · response
    Published 13 November 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Maintain mandatory specialty-level capabilities for neonatal resuscitation and airway management.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “70% of paediatric trainees will train as general paediatricians, of which a significant proportion will go on to work in a DGH covering a local neonatal unit or SCBU where there may be a need for neonatal resuscitation. In recognition of this, the general paediatric specialty level syllabus has mandatory key capabilities relating to neonatal resuscitation and airway management. To evidence these, trainees at specialty level following the general paediatric pathway will need to spend time in a neonatal setting again.”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    Page 3 · response
    Published 13 November 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Specific mandatory neonatal placements are unnecessary because capabilities can be acquired in most settings, with all trainees spending time in a neonatal setting.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “It is true that there are no specific mandatory placements during core training. This is because the curricular learning outcomes and key capabilities are generic in nature and can be acquired in most settings. However, in order to meet the key capabilities related to neonatal care (see below) and to prepare trainees to be on tier 2 rotas at ST4 covering neonatal units, all trainees will spend time during their core training in a neonatal setting. Full”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    Page 1 · response
    Published 13 November 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Mandatory non-invasive airway skills, readiness assessment, consultant support and current Newborn Life Support status provide safe preparation for neonatal resuscitation.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The capabilities to lead neonatal resuscitation will be largely acquired and maintained through training and simulation, augmented by clinical experience. The key capabilities needed are outlined in the core syllabus document and are clearly aligned to the need for neonatal resuscitation skills. It is our view that these key capabilities, combined with our new 'readiness for tier 2 working' assessment form, and the much more specific (and safe) airway capabilities in the core curriculum do provide safe training to manage neonatal resuscitation as the first senior responder – always with consultant support available to come in from home. In addition, there continues to be a requirement to be a current Newborn Life Support (NLS) provider in order to work on the tier 2 rota.”

    Source location

    Response from Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
    Page 2 · response
    Published 13 November 2023

    Open published response
  3. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough

    AI-generated summary

    Amelia Barbosa · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Amelia Barbosa suffered an acute hypoxic injury immediately before delivery that continued during resuscitation, and she died in hospital on 13 December 2020 at 7 days old. Concerns included unreliable cord blood sampling, delays in obtaining vascular access and administering treatment, inadequate consideration of blood transfusion before resuscitation stopped, and delayed effective cooling. The report also raised concerns that learning and training on these issues had not been fully implemented.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of training on blood transfusion during neonatal resuscitation

    Wider context from the report

    “2. While I read evidence of some training that had been provided in response to HSIB recommendations for further training on auscultation in addition to saturation monitoring and ECG monitoring during resuscitation, the independent expert also recommended training on UVC and IO access. I am also concerned that there does not appear to have been training in relation to the provision of blood transfusions in such cases to ensure that all potential reversible causes are treated before resuscitation stops. The Head of Midwifery who attended the inquest to advise on issues relating to the recommendations was not in a position to provide evidence on the neonatal position and I have been provided with no evidence by the Trust that these issues have been considered. I am concerned that they require further action. ”

    Source location

    Amelia Barbosa · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 3 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Adopt a low threshold for blood transfusion during resuscitation, preferring blood boluses over fluids in line with 2021 NLS guidance.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Your report also referred to training in relation to the provision of blood transfusions. Whether a blood transfusion is given during a resuscitation is a matter of clinical judgement for the clinician in charge of resuscitation. However, it has been accepted by our Paediatricians that there should be a low threshold for giving a blood transfusion. In particular, it is preferable to give a bolus with blood rather than fluids. This adopts the NLS (Newborn Life Support) Guidelines from 2021 which recommends this.”

    Source location

    Response from North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 23 May 2023

    Open published response
  4. North East Kent

    AI-generated summary

    HARRY RICHFORD · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Harry Richford was born at QEQM on 2 November 2017 and died at William Harvey Hospital on 9 November 2017 after being transferred there. The report describes delays in delivery, shortcomings in the caesarean delivery and neonatal resuscitation, and subsequent hypoxia and brain injury. Substantive concerns included locum recruitment, assessment and supervision; clarity about escalation to consultants; neonatal resuscitation training; record keeping and adherence to guidelines; and inaccurate death notifications and reporting.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inadequate neonatal resuscitation training

    Wider context from the report

    “Concern 7 The evidence of ████████ raised substantial concerns about the quality of training and learning in respect of neonatal resuscitation at the East Kent Trust. His evidence was that it would be desirable for middle grade doctors to attend the ARNI course (the advanced resuscitation of the new born infant). He also recommended that there should be simulated drills in neo natal resuscitation. ”

    Source location

    HARRY RICHFORD · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 13 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    The Trust is responsible for setting out and implementing actions to address the identified maternity-service safety risks.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I am advised that the Trust Board is taking these matters very seriously and has welcomed the national support being provided. I expect the Trust to set out in its response to your report the actions it is taking to address the important safety risks you have outlined.”

    Source location

    Response from Department of Health and Social Care
    Page 2 · response
    Published 11 October 2022

    Open published response
  5. Bedfordshire and Luton

    AI-generated summary

    Willow Davies · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Willow Davies was born at Bedford Hospital on 8 February 2014 and became pale and floppy shortly afterwards; CPR was commenced, and her death was confirmed later that morning. The substantive concerns related to the allocation and support of a newly qualified midwife who had no prior experience assisting with newborn resuscitation, the failure to account for midwives’ experience when allocating women, and the operation of the Supervisors of Midwives system.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to provide further support to midwives without experience in newborn resuscitation

    Wider context from the report

    “1. That a newly qualified Midwife was allocated to deliver a baby when, during the course of her training and her practice since qualifying, she had never assisted with the resuscitation of a new born baby. The Midwife had no further support. ”

    Source location

    Willow Davies · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Require all employed midwives to complete annual neonatal resuscitation theory and simulation training under accredited trainers.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Neonatal resuscitation through assimilation assessment forms one part of the interview and selection process for recruiting all midwives to the maternity unit at Bedford Hospital.”

    Source location

    2015-0157-Response-by-Bedford-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 1 · response
    Published 21 April 2015

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide new starter midwives with a structured orientation period, nominated preceptor and managerial and supervisory support tailored to learning needs.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust recognises that all new members of staff, whatever their experience, need a period of time to become familiar with local procedures and practices. Within the Maternity Unit at Bedford Hospital, an orientation period is allocated. ‘New starters’ unfamiliar with the Trust (including a newly qualified midwife) would undertake this programme for up to a month. Within this period, the new starter works with a nominated midwife for support and is expected to complete a bespoke orientation programme, developed following discussion”

    Source location

    2015-0157-Response-by-Bedford-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 1 · response
    Published 21 April 2015

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Risk-assess case complexity at handover and throughout each shift, allocate women according to staff experience and competence, and record four-hourly reviews.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “There is a senior midwife in charge of each shift in Delivery Suite, often without a case load of their own. He/she risk assesses the complexity of the case mix of women/patients at every handover, using the SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) tool and allocates the care of women accordingly, taking into account staff experience, competencies and confidence. The position is continually assessed throughout the shift, taking into account such factors as admissions to the Delivery Suite, clinical complications developing during delivery, the increasing complexity of workload and the available capacity within the unit.”

    Source location

    2015-0157-Response-by-Bedford-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 21 April 2015

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Existing training, orientation, supervision and emergency support systems sufficiently address risks from limited hands-on neonatal resuscitation experience.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Trust considers therefore that the systems and processes that it had and still does have in place in relation to this concern meet national requirements. Practices are in line with practices in other maternity units. This minimises the risk from lack of ‘hands on’ practical experience and ensures that staff have the required skills and support when needed.”

    Source location

    2015-0157-Response-by-Bedford-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 21 April 2015

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    A second person is not required at birth; midwives must request support when clinically necessary, with assistance available through existing arrangements.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The Nursing and Midwifery Council does not stipulate that a midwife must have a second person in attendance at the time of the birth. When the Trust’s Head of Midwifery raised this issue at a meeting of the Contact Supervisor of Midwives’ meeting in April 2015, it was confirmed that this approach is replicated in maternity units across the East Midlands and East of England region. In line with the Code of Conduct and local Trust policy, it is the responsibility of the midwife to request support if he/she requires it.”

    Source location

    2015-0157-Response-by-Bedford-Hospital-NHS-Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 21 April 2015

    Open published response
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Data last updated 7 September 2026