Recurring concern

Unreliable ambulance dispatch and resource-allocation controls

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First reported 24 Feb 2014•Latest report 30 Jan 2025

Definition

What this concern includes

Includes failures in the ambulance dispatch and resource-allocation process, including adherence to dispatch protocols, selection and allocation of appropriate resources, destination accuracy, post-allocation resource decisions, traceability and control-centre oversight.

Not included

  • Excludes ambulance capacity shortages where the dispatch and resource-allocation process itself is not deficient.
  • Excludes ambulance call triage, response-time communication, hospital handover and clinical treatment failures unless they directly concern dispatch or resource allocation.
  • Excludes generic emergency-call handling or information-system deficiencies where no ambulance dispatch or resource-allocation control failure is identified.
  • Excludes failures occurring after an ambulance has been correctly dispatched, unless they concern a dispatch or resource-allocation decision.
Reports
17

Distinct published reports

Individual concerns
19

A report can raise multiple concerns

Date range
2014–2025

First to latest report issue date

Stated actions
26

Described in published responses

Reports over time

Reports over time

Reports about this concern issued each year.

* 2026 is projected from reports observed to 7 Sep 2026.

Most frequent recipients

Most frequent recipients

Reports about this concern sent to each recipient.

Department of Health and Social Care5
East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust3
North East Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust3
NHS England2
South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust2
Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust2
Welsh Government2
Association of Ambulance Chief Executives1
Care Quality Commission1
Department for Transport1
NHS Derby and Derbyshire Integrated Care Board1
Recipient name withheld1
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust1
South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service1
Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust1

Concerns and responses across reports

Only concerns grouped under this recurring concern are included. Select any concern, action or position to view the source wording.

  1. Somerset

    AI-generated summary

    Graham Whiteley · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Graham Whiteley, who had Alzheimer’s disease, a history of seizures and falls, and lived in a care home, walked out when doors were left unlocked and was found having fallen by the roadside with head injuries. He was conveyed to hospital by police after a substantial ambulance delay, developed pneumonia, and died in hospital on 18 June 2024. The principal concerns were delays in ambulance allocation linked to handover delays at acute hospitals, with the report stating that these delays were continuing.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in allocating ambulances

    Wider context from the report

    “c) The excessive number of incidents awaiting allocation was caused by delays in handing over the care of patients from ambulance crews to the four main acute hospitals within the Bravo area (Musgrove Park Hospital, Weston General Hospital, Southmead Hospital and the Bristol Royal Infirmary). d) The handover delays meant that there were over 84 hours of ambulance time lost to handovers. This was the equivalent of approximately 7.5 double crewed ambulance shifts which were lost to delays. e) An ambulance was allocated to Mr Whitely at 16.08 hours with an expected time of arrival of 16.30 hours. Had it arrived, Mr Whiteley’s ambulance would have taken at least 2 hours and 6 minutes to arrive from the time of the 999 call. f) In the event, Avon and Somerset Police conveyed Mr Whiteley to hospital as the attending Police Tactical Medic was concerned about the ambulance delay and the need for timely assessment at hospital. This meant that the ambulance could be stood down. g) The evidence given by the ambulance Trust at the inquest was that the delays in allocating ambulances caused by the delays in handing over to acute hospitals is continuing. ”

    Source location

    Graham Whiteley · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement and update the handover-delay standard operating procedure, including escalation levels, locally agreed triggers and immediate handover arrangements.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “To address handover delays, a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) was introduced in late 2021. This has since been reviewed and updated, with a reassessment against locally agreed standards conducted in December 2023 and January 2024. The SOP facilitates the effective management of delays by employing four handover escalation levels. Local teams have collaborated with each hospital to determine the specific actions to be taken at each level. The triggers for escalation have also been locally established, enabling a more responsive and tailored approach. Additionally, the approach includes a designated area for immediate patient handover in situations where the Trust is unable to respond to a pending local Category 1 call within a reasonable timeframe.”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Collaborate with hospitals and system partners through operational meetings, regional task groups and senior county-level meetings to reduce handover delays.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “SWAST remains committed to collaborating with hospitals to address this issue. In many instances, local operations teams hold daily meetings with their respective Emergency Departments. Resolving delays has been identified as a key priority by the regional NHS England (NHSE) team, and SWAST actively participated in the NHSE Ambulance Handovers task and finish group during the summer of 2024. Additionally, in 2024, a new tier of senior county-level meetings was established, bringing together hospitals, commissioners, NHSE, and SWAST. These meetings have provided SWAST with valuable opportunities to engage in Integrated Care System (ICS) discussions aimed at reducing delays.”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Provide Hospital Ambulance Liaison Officer support at acute hospitals when required to improve patient flow.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Building on the aforementioned efforts, several initiatives are being implemented locally and across the South West by SWAST. These include:”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use the Operations Delivery Cell to minimise resource unavailability and increase response capacity.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Building on the aforementioned efforts, several initiatives are being implemented locally and across the South West by SWAST. These include:”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use mutual aid, including private ambulance providers, to strengthen system support during periods of high demand.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Building on the aforementioned efforts, several initiatives are being implemented locally and across the South West by SWAST. These include:”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement the Somerset Timely Handover Process to initiate rapid handover when transfer has not occurred within 90 minutes of arrival.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We have also collaborated with the Somerset system to implement the ‘Timely Handover Process,’ designed to initiate a rapid handover if it has not been completed within 90 minutes of arrival. This process was introduced in the area in November 2024 and following a challenging Christmas period we are now seeing early improvements in handover efficiency.”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Handover delays cannot be resolved by SWAST alone and require action by hospitals and wider system partners.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “Handover delays at hospital trusts have the biggest impact on SWAST’s ability to respond to patients. This articulated on the SWAST corporate risk register, where a risk related to system activity and flow sits at the highest level, with a risk score of 25. The challenge with impacts of handover delays is that SWAST alone cannot solve it. In August 2023, the Health Services Safety Investigation Body (HSSIB) published a final report ‘Harm caused by delays in transferring patients to the right place of care’. This report strengthens the findings of the SWAST system PSII report that was produced in July 2022, with a review and addendum added in December 2023. It is recognised that a patient’s health may deteriorate while they are waiting to be seen by ED staff, or they may be harmed because they are not able to access timely and appropriate treatment.”

    Source location

    Response from South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
    Page 1 · response
    Published 4 February 2025

    Open published response
  2. South Wales Central

    AI-generated summary

    Joseph Leonard Scott Cattle · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Joseph Leonard Scott Cattle contacted the Welsh Ambulance Service Trust at 00:44 in a call categorised as requiring an Amber 1 response, followed by two further calls. Paramedics did not attend until approximately 07:20, by which time he was deceased; concerns included the delay in allocating an ambulance, hospital handover delays affecting ambulance availability, and an apparent shortfall in funded ambulances.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delays in allocating available ambulance resources to Amber 1 calls

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) Welsh Ambulance Service Trust were unable to allocate an available ambulance resource in an Amber 1 category call until over 6 hours from the time of the 999 call; ”

    Source location

    Joseph Leonard Scott Cattle · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  3. Gwent

    AI-generated summary

    Dorothy Anne Jones · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Dorothy Anne Jones developed a chest infection and was assessed at home as needing immediate hospital admission. An ambulance did not attend until over nine hours after it was requested, and paramedics found that she had died. The report identified concerns about ambulance response times for Amber 1 patients, chronological allocation without further consideration of clinical need, and an ad hoc process for expediting responses.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Allocation of Amber 1 ambulance resources chronologically without further consideration of clinical need

    Wider context from the report

    “2. The Amber 1 category includes all life-threatening conditions except those in the Red category where the person appears to be in the throes of dying. I was informed that all the patients in the Amber 1 category are allocated an ambulance / clinical resource chronologically, without further consideration of clinical need. ”

    Source location

    Dorothy Anne Jones · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Conduct secondary triage of waiting patients, including Amber 1 calls, through the Clinical Support Desk to reassess or confirm priority.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “In the live environment, WAST regularly undertakes more detailed clinical assessments of waiting patients, in all categories, including Amber 1; to reassess and/or confirm the correct priority for patients. This process, known as secondary triage or consultation is led by the Clinical Support Desk (CSD) which is a pan Wales team that comprise of control room nurses, paramedics, advanced paramedics, and mental health practitioners.”

    Source location

    Response from Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 24 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Expand Clinical Support Desk capacity, employ mental health practitioners, and implement clinical decision-support software for detailed patient assessment.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “consultation. WAST has recently invested in the CSD by near doubling its establishment, employing mental health practitioners, and by implementing a new innovative clinical decision support system to support the more detailed clinical assessment of patients.”

    Source location

    Response from Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 24 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operate the Physician Triage Assessment and Streaming model across three health boards using upgraded Computer Aided Dispatch tools.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “WAST has also invested in new versions of its Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) tool, which allows health board Doctors to log in (remotely from the control rooms) to the waiting ambulance stack and undertake more detailed clinical assessments of patients in their health board. The Physician Triage Assessment and Streaming (PTAS) model is now operating across three of the health boards with plans to roll out further.”

    Source location

    Response from Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 24 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Roll out the Physician Triage Assessment and Streaming model to additional health boards.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “WAST has also invested in new versions of its Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) tool, which allows health board Doctors to log in (remotely from the control rooms) to the waiting ambulance stack and undertake more detailed clinical assessments of patients in their health board. The Physician Triage Assessment and Streaming (PTAS) model is now operating across three of the health boards with plans to roll out further.”

    Source location

    Response from Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 24 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use welfare calls and Clinical Support Desk procedures to reassess waiting patients and upgrade calls when clinical conditions or prolonged waits warrant it.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “A copy of the CSP is attached for your reference and as you will see this provides details of when welfare calls should be made. These calls are made to reassess the patient’s clinical condition, if any changes are reported.”

    Source location

    Response from Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust
    Page 3 · response
    Published 24 January 2023

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Operational concerns about ambulance service delivery are best addressed by the Welsh Ambulance Services Trust.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “I note you have also written to ████████, Chief Executive of the Welsh Ambulance Services Trust and I would expect him to respond on the detail of the concerns you raised as these relate to operational matters and are best addressed by the Trust. I can, however, outline the actions being taken by the Welsh Government to drive national and local improvement in the delivery of safe and timely ambulance services.”

    Source location

    Response from Minster for Health and Social Services
    Page 1 · response
    Published 24 January 2023

    Open published response
  4. Manchester South

    AI-generated summary

    Keith Hopwood · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Keith Hopwood fainted and felt very unwell before calling an ambulance, reporting chest pain during a later call. He was found unresponsive at home and could not be resuscitated; the medical cause of death was myocardial infarction due to stenotic coronary artery atheroma. The concerns included delays and resource pressures in the ambulance service, failure to upgrade the call category, limitations in the call-handling algorithm, the use of a private ambulance not equipped to deal with a cardiac patient, and the handling of a disconnected call when he was alone.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to categorise ambulance calls accurately for appropriate ambulance dispatch

    Wider context from the report

    “3. The ambulance that arrived was a private ambulance and not equipped to deal with a cardiac patient. If the second call had been correctly categorised it would not have been dispatched as private ambulances are deployed with less qualified staff to calls categorised as 3 and 4 due to a lack of NHS Ambulance resources. As a consequence a further ambulance had to be deployed to the scene when Mr Hopwood was found to be unresponsive; ”

    Source location

    Keith Hopwood · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  5. Surrey

    AI-generated summary

    Josephine Celia BARKER · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Josephine Celia Barker suffered an unwitnessed fall and serious head injury in an Aldi car park on 15 February 2019. She waited over two hours for an ambulance after five 999 calls, and later died from her injuries on 3 March 2019. The principal concerns included inadequate triage and re-triage, failure to use clinical information from paramedics at the scene, lack of callbacks and clinical review, and the diversion of an allocated ambulance to a welfare briefing.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of policy guiding diversion of an allocated ambulance en route

    Wider context from the report

    “14. Call sign 239 was diverted to a welfare briefing after it had been allocated. There is no policy guiding making this decision after allocation has been made and the ambulance is en route. ”

    Source location

    Josephine Celia BARKER · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 7 · concerns

    Open source report
  6. South Wales Central

    AI-generated summary

    Sarah Marie GILBERT-JONES · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Sarah Marie GILBERT-JONES died in the early hours of 29 October 2020 after taking a significant overdose of prescription medication with alcohol. The report raised concerns about delays and inconsistent categorisation in the emergency response, including failure to recognise that treatment was time critical, and about sub-optimal mental health service provision.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Inconsistent response coding and categorisation leading to unreliable vehicle dispatch decisions

    Wider context from the report

    “(3) Following the second call to Clinical Contact Centre at 23.48 on 28.10.20, there were somewhat bewilderingly complex, & inconsistent categorisations of the code for response which appeared to lead to response vehicles being dispatched or stood down, whilst the patient remained in need of time sensitive treatment by way of transfer to an Accident & Emergency Unit. Whilst I was assured that this had been addressed by learning & guidance to call handlers, a review of categorisations, coding & actions in the setting of a patient demonstrating the symptoms as per the deceased on 28/29 October 2020 to achieve clarity/consistency is invited. ”

    Source location

    Sarah Marie GILBERT-JONES · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Use Clinical Support Desk flags to identify overdose incidents and enable faster or out-of-order vehicle allocation.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “During the incident that was subject of the inquest, the floorwalker did upgrade the call to elicit a faster response, from an Amber 2 to an Amber 1. I wish to assure you that within the Standard Operating Procedure for the Clinical Support Desk, which allows clinicians to place a “flag” on an incident.”

    Source location

    2022-0037-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Services-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 2 · response
    Published 7 February 2022

    Open published response

    Source evidence

    How this respondent position was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Drug-specific overdose responses cannot be incorporated because drugs vary widely and prioritisation is based on current condition, not potential future deterioration.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “The issues of investigating different actions for different drug types are twofold. There is the fact that the individual drugs that can be involved in overdose cases are many and varied. Additionally, this moves away from the basis of the Trust’s Clinical Response Model, where the sickest patients are identified and attended first. This Model is based on the patient’s condition at the time and is not based on potential future changes to their conditions.”

    Source location

    2022-0037-Response-from-Welsh-Ambulance-Services-NHS-Trust_Published
    Page 1 · response
    Published 7 February 2022

    Open published response
  7. Lancashire and Blackburn with Darwen

    AI-generated summary

    Russell Curwen · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Russell Curwen, a volunteer with the North West Blood Bikes, was fatally injured after riding through a traffic light against the lights while transporting blood samples and colliding with another vehicle on 5 May 2018. The concerns included the lack of traceable NHS ambulance service coordination in dispatching blood-bike vehicles, no clear or auditable determination or review of whether courier journeys constituted emergencies, and no statutory training requirements for riders using high-powered motorcycles with emergency lights and sirens.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Lack of traceable NHS ambulance trust control-centre coordination of vehicle allocation or dispatch

    Wider context from the report

    “1) That the exemptions all relate to actions requiring an emergency response at the request of an NHS ambulance service: - There appears to be no traceable or auditable co-ordination or control of the allocation or dispatch of vehicles by a NHS ambulance trust control centre. Allocation or dispatch appears to be actioned at the request of the four NHS trusts contracted to with North West Blood Bikes under contracts for courier services; ”

    Source location

    Russell Curwen · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  8. Newcastle upon Tyne

    AI-generated summary

    Philip Richard Hayes · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Philip Richard Hayes suffered an aortic dissection on 14 April 2019 and died on 18 April 2019 after delays in ambulance response and diagnosis. The principal concerns included failure to reassess the emergency response despite five subsequent calls reporting additional symptoms and deterioration, inconsistent triage and referral for clinical input, and the appropriateness of algorithm-based triage.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Delay in ambulance dispatch

    Wider context from the report

    “(1) Delay in ambulance dispatch Call categorised C2 received response 1 hour 2 minutes after original call ”

    Source location

    Philip Richard Hayes · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
  9. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly

    AI-generated summary

    Ian Thomas Trevor BEAN · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Ian Thomas Trevor Bean died at Liskeard in Cornwall after taking an overdose of prescribed morphine, and the inquest recorded multidrug toxicity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with suicide as the conclusion. An ambulance was mistakenly dispatched to his father’s address in Nottingham rather than to Mr Bean in Cornwall; although this was accepted at inquest not to have caused the death, it was identified as a fundamental error requiring attention to prevent similar oversights.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to dispatch an ambulance to the correct patient address

    Wider context from the report

    “An ambulance was wrongly dispatched to the address of Mr Bean’s father in Nottingham rather than to Mr Bean in Cornwall. ”

    Source location

    Ian Thomas Trevor BEAN · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report

    Source evidence

    How this respondent action was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Implement electronic call-passing that limits gateway address entry and records any additional address separately on the incident file.

    Verbatim wording from the response

    “We continually review our systems and processes to ensure that we are delivering the best possible service to our patients. We have worked with other Ambulance Trusts to develop call-passing technology. Since 13 December 2018, calls are passed through an electronic gateway, which negates the need for verbal handover.”

    Source location

    2019-0340-East-Midlands-Ambulance-Service-NHS-Trust
    Page 2 · response
    Published 10 November 2019

    Open published response
  10. Brighton and Hove

    AI-generated summary

    Kevan FUNNELL · Prevention of Future Deaths report

    This summary was generated using AI from the published report. Please read the original report for the complete account.

    Report summary

    Kevan Funnell, described as an older man with a head injury, was found lying in a public highway on a freezing night in October 2017. The principal concern was the ambulance service’s delayed response, including concerns that the first two calls were not appropriately progressed or escalated and that the call-handling system was not fit for purpose in this case.

    Read the report on judiciary.uk

    Source evidence

    How this individual concern was interpreted

    PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below.

    PFD Monitor interpretation

    Failure to assign and maintain ownership of ambulance calls

    Wider context from the report

    “At the Inquest into the death of Mr Funnell I heard that the ambulance have introduced a relatively new system of dealing with calls and it seems to me timely to write now because it was a matter of concern to me that the ambulance was so delayed in its response to Mr Funnell. You will be able to see the basic facts in Part 3 of the Record of Inquest. This was an older man with an obvious head injury lying in the public highway on a freezing cold night. The first call was at 23:36 and was apparently graded with a 30 minute response (I know that 30 minute responses do not exist now but they did at the time that we are talking about i.e. in October 2017). If the ambulance had arrived within the 30 minute response time it would have been at the scene by no later ten past midnight. At 16 minutes past midnight there was a second call, firstly to ask where the ambulance was and secondly to explain that Mr Funnell was now vomiting and there was blood in his vomit. This was not flagged up and I was told at the Inquest that if it had been, it would have upgraded the call. Therefore, following Call 2 there was no change in status, the caller was told to ring again if things got worse, an apology was given but there was no estimated time of arrival. Call 3 came in at 00:34 hours, i.e. 58 minutes after the first call to say that the patient was now unconscious. This call was upgraded to what was a Red 1 then and what I understand would be a C1 now. That is to say it was upgraded to an 8 minute response from 00:34 so the ambulance should have been there by 00:42 and in fact an ambulance arrived at 00:51. This is really a shocking performance. Apparently there has been an audit and Cal 1 passed the audit; I cannot think why. There was no inability to triage the call but no-one was assigned so effectively that call was abandoned. With regard to Call 2. Effectively Call 2 was also abandoned. Your Legal Advisor at the Inquest took issue with my using the term “abandoned” however, it seems to me that is exactly what happened and if there had not been a third call (all these calls were made by complete strangers to Mr Funnell who just found him lying in the road as they were coming and going about their business; it was they who took care of him, accepted responsibility for him, tried to keep him warm, tried to keep him comfortable, tried to keep him safe and they should be able to rely on a good ambulance response in those circumstances) it seems possible that he might have been left in the street for maybe another hour at least. I was told that the only way you can interrupt the system is by flagging up the need for a clinician. If that is not done, ████████ explained that during each shift a clinician will look at the stacked calls and will call back and make a decision about whether or not to upgrade the call. I was told that the fundamental problem was that the original triage was probably wrong and in any event there were no 30 minute responders available at that time. I was also told that the call taker can always use their initiative and ask a Clinician to come and intervene and advise them. ████████ agreed that it would be useful if there was more training for the call takers so that they did not feel inhibited from involving the clinicians in potentially difficult calls. During the course of my summing up I expressed the view that for Mr Funnell in this particular case, the Pathway system that SECAMB uses was not fit for purpose and in any event seems unsuited, without modification, to an emergency service. ”

    Source location

    Kevan FUNNELL · Prevention of Future Deaths report
    Page 2 · concerns

    Open source report
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Data last updated 7 September 2026