PFD report

Leonardo Cardoso Machado · Prevention of Future Deaths report

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Issued 23 Sep 2025•Dorset

Report record

Published report and response evidence

This page connects the concerns raised in this report with statements found in recipients’ published responses. A link shows a clear evidence connection; it does not assign responsibility.

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Concerns
3

Raised in this report

Recipients
4

Named on the report

Responses found
4

Of 4 recipients

Stated actions
13

Described in responses

Source document

Full report text

This is the full text from the original published report.

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Concerns and recipient responses

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Report evidence summary

Concerns raised3

  1. Lack of oversight of the rental of food delivery licences to children under 18
  2. Failure to protect children from vulnerable lone food-delivery work at night and at private homes
  3. Failure to protect child food-delivery workers from road traffic collision risks
    Part of recurring concern: Failure to protect underage food-delivery riders from road traffic collisions
Responses linked to these concerns

Each statement is shown once, even when linked to more than one concern.

Actions described in response An action is something a recipient says it has done, is doing, or plans to do in response to a concern raised.13

  1. Action

    Use random and risk-triggered real-time facial verification to detect unauthorised account sharing and confirm the account user matches the registered identity.

    Stated by Uber Eats UK LimitedStated completedThe respondent said that this action was complete when they made their response on 29 September 2025.
  2. Action

    Verify couriers’ and substitutes’ identities and dates of birth through internal document checks and third-party fraud screening before approving accounts.

    Stated by Uber Eats UK LimitedStated completedThe respondent said that this action was complete when they made their response on 29 September 2025.
  3. Action

    Refine and add account-sharing detection signals to identify attempts to circumvent platform security controls.

    Stated by Uber Eats UK LimitedStated completedThe respondent said that this action was complete when they made their response on 29 September 2025.

Respondent positions A position is what a recipient says about a concern when it does not describe a specific action.6

  1. Position

    Existing age verification, identity checks, substitute checks, account-sharing detection and enforcement are considered sufficient to address under-18 delivery risks.

    Stated by Uber Eats UK LimitedExisting arrangements considered sufficientThe respondent said that existing arrangements were sufficient, so no further action was needed.

Source evidence

How this individual concern was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below. Response links show a clear evidence connection; they do not assign responsibility.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Lack of oversight of the rental of food delivery licences to children under 18

Wider context from the report

“2. I have concerns with regard to the following: i. There appears to be no or limited oversight of the practice of “renting” a food delivery licence to children under 18 years of age, which I regard is a national issue; ii. As a consequence, children are working in the food delivery economy, which involves lone working at night, with deliveries being made to the home addresses of private individuals, placing the children in a vulnerable position; iii. That placing children in a lone working environment at night and on the roads on electric or motorised scooters, mopeds or motorcycles also increases the risks of them coming to harm through a road traffic collision, leading to a risk of death. ”

Is this part of a recurring concern?

No recurring-concern membership is currently published.

Open source report

Source evidence

How this individual concern was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below. Response links show a clear evidence connection; they do not assign responsibility.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Failure to protect children from vulnerable lone food-delivery work at night and at private homes

Wider context from the report

“2. I have concerns with regard to the following: i. There appears to be no or limited oversight of the practice of “renting” a food delivery licence to children under 18 years of age, which I regard is a national issue; ii. As a consequence, children are working in the food delivery economy, which involves lone working at night, with deliveries being made to the home addresses of private individuals, placing the children in a vulnerable position; iii. That placing children in a lone working environment at night and on the roads on electric or motorised scooters, mopeds or motorcycles also increases the risks of them coming to harm through a road traffic collision, leading to a risk of death. ”

Is this part of a recurring concern?

No recurring-concern membership is currently published.

Open source report

Source evidence

How this individual concern was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the report wording shown below. Response links show a clear evidence connection; they do not assign responsibility.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Failure to protect child food-delivery workers from road traffic collision risks

Wider context from the report

“2. I have concerns with regard to the following: i. There appears to be no or limited oversight of the practice of “renting” a food delivery licence to children under 18 years of age, which I regard is a national issue; ii. As a consequence, children are working in the food delivery economy, which involves lone working at night, with deliveries being made to the home addresses of private individuals, placing the children in a vulnerable position; iii. That placing children in a lone working environment at night and on the roads on electric or motorised scooters, mopeds or motorcycles also increases the risks of them coming to harm through a road traffic collision, leading to a risk of death. ”

Is this part of a recurring concern?

Yes — Failure to protect underage food-delivery riders from road traffic collisions.

Open source report

Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Use random and risk-triggered real-time facial verification to detect unauthorised account sharing and confirm the account user matches the registered identity.

Verbatim wording from the response

“To help ensure that only the account holder or registered substitutes (i.e. those confirmed to be over 18) are using the account, Uber Eats uses industry leading account-sharing detection technology. This includes real-time identity verification software (launched in 2019), which requires couriers to take a selfie that is compared in real time with the profile photo that has been matched with their registered identity documentation. These real-time facial verification checks occur randomly, at least once a day and also in circumstances where we suspect that an individual performing the delivery may not be the same person as the accountholder. In addition to these checks, we monitor for suspicious behaviours that may indicate attempts to circumvent our security controls, which can trigger additional identity verification checks.”

Source location

Response from Uber Eats
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Verify couriers’ and substitutes’ identities and dates of birth through internal document checks and third-party fraud screening before approving accounts.

Verbatim wording from the response

“We would like to begin by stating unequivocally that everyone delivering on the Uber Eats platform must be at least 18 years of age. This requirement is set out clearly in our Courier Terms and Conditions that all couriers sign in order to use the app and we have a number of robust checks in place (outlined below) to ensure this requirement is met. If we become aware of someone delivering on the platform who may be under 18 we take immediate action, including reporting to law enforcement or relevant authorities where necessary.”

Source location

Response from Uber Eats
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Refine and add account-sharing detection signals to identify attempts to circumvent platform security controls.

Verbatim wording from the response

“We are continually enhancing our processes to ensure our platform is safe. Although action taken was not in direct response to this incident, we have refined and added to our suite of account-sharing detection signals in recent years.”

Source location

Response from Uber Eats
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Update and publish joint work-related road-safety guidance for commercial drivers and riders.

Verbatim wording from the response

“The Department for Transport (DfT) commented that the safety of anyone driving or riding on our roads is a priority, and that includes those who drive for work. The government expects that employers or engagers of anyone driving or riding for work to ensure that they are as safe as possible on our roads. DfT worked closely with the HSE to update the joint DfT/HSE guidance on work related road safety. The revised guidance, published in September 2021 and called Driving and riding safely for work, clearly sets out what commercial organisations and their workers, whether employees”

Source location

Response from Health and Safety Executive
Page 1 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Introduce enhanced substitute checks, including preregistration, biometric verification and document checks, with removal of non-compliant accounts.

Verbatim wording from the response

“Under the UK’s employment law, self-employed independent couriers have the legal, unfettered right to use a substitute and Just Eat provides guidance to couriers on how they can do this safely and responsibly. Whilst couriers have the legal right to substitute their work, this can only be to others who are over the age of 18 and have the legal right to work in the UK. We have recently introduced further enhanced checks to ensure that substitutes meet the requirements that we set for all couriers on our network. Couriers must now pre-register any substitutes and are given a short grace period to complete biometric checks and to submit documents proving their age and that they have the right to work. If these documents are not provided, both the main account holder and their substitutes will be removed from the network.”

Source location

Response from Just Eats
Page 1 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Continue monitoring app interactions to enhance security checks and features preventing platform abuse.

Verbatim wording from the response

“We continue to monitor interaction with our app to further enhance our security checks and features to prevent abuse, so our platform remains safe and secure for the riders who work with us and our wider communities.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 3 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Verify riders’ and registered substitutes’ identity, age and right to work before granting or authorising platform access.

Verbatim wording from the response

“1. It is a requirement that any rider engaged with Deliveroo is at least 18 years old.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Strengthen rider-account compliance checks and processes through collaboration with the Home Office and other delivery platforms.

Verbatim wording from the response

“You might be aware that over the course of this year, we have been working closely with the Home Office and other food delivery platforms to enhance compliance with right to work legislation by food delivery couriers. We have significantly strengthened checks and processes that we already had in place to ensure that rider accounts are only being used by”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 1 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Increase facial-recognition check frequency and sophistication, including randomised intraday checks.

Verbatim wording from the response

“6. We have recently increased the frequency and sophistication of these checks, including randomising the frequency of intra-day checks to make it harder for people to predict the checks.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Identify applicants previously terminated for allowing unregistered substitutes and prevent renewed engagement where applicable.

Verbatim wording from the response

“We stop working with riders who allow an unregistered substitute to use their rider account and will not work with those riders in the future. We have processes in place to enable us to identify whether a rider applicant has previously had a supplier agreement with us terminated for allowing an unregistered substitute to provide services on their behalf.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 3 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Review failed facial-recognition checks and terminate supplier agreements where they evidence unauthorised account sharing or fraud.

Verbatim wording from the response

“7. Our facial recognition technology identifies any failed checks that indicate someone other than the main account holder, or registered substitute, may have been trying”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Run daily facial-recognition checks against onboarding identification and suspend accounts that fail until the checks are passed.

Verbatim wording from the response

“4. We run facial recognition checks to ensure that the person using an account is either the main account holder or a registered substitute and to detect and prevent unauthorised use of the platform. These checks are run at least daily for all riders in the UK. This process requires the rider to submit a live video selfie, which is then checked by our third party supplier to make sure it matches the ID they provided during onboarding. If riders do not pass, their accounts are placed out of service, meaning that they cannot accept orders until they have passed a check.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent action was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Identify suspicious activity and unregistered substitute use, taking enforcement action including termination of supplier agreements where necessary.

Verbatim wording from the response

“8. We also have other measures in place to enable us to identify suspicious activity or if an unregistered substitute is attempting to use our platform. Where we identify breaches of our processes, we take appropriate action, including terminating supplier agreements with riders where necessary.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 3 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Existing age verification, identity checks, substitute checks, account-sharing detection and enforcement are considered sufficient to address under-18 delivery risks.

Verbatim wording from the response

“We would like to begin by stating unequivocally that everyone delivering on the Uber Eats platform must be at least 18 years of age. This requirement is set out clearly in our Courier Terms and Conditions that all couriers sign in order to use the app and we have a number of robust checks in place (outlined below) to ensure this requirement is met. If we become aware of someone delivering on the platform who may be under 18 we take immediate action, including reporting to law enforcement or relevant authorities where necessary.”

Source location

Response from Uber Eats
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

The Department for Business and Trade is the more appropriate government body for addressing rented food-delivery licences to under-18s.

Verbatim wording from the response

“The Department for Business and Trade (DBT) are the more appropriate governmental body, and they have addressed the practice of “renting” of food delivery licences to under 18’s and the concerns that this raises.”

Source location

Response from Health and Safety Executive
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Police, rather than HSE, are responsible for investigating and enforcing road traffic accidents.

Verbatim wording from the response

“In respect of the road traffic accident itself, HSE views that road traffic accidents are generally a matter for the Police to investigate and enforce, rather than HSE, using the most applicable legislation. This is set out in Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 - Section 3.”

Source location

Response from Health and Safety Executive
Page 1 · response
Published 29 September 2025

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Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Practical limits constrain measures to reduce risks in delivery driving because the work inevitably involves lone working, deadlines and night-time road risks.

Verbatim wording from the response

“However, HSE acknowledges that there are practical limits to what can be done in the driver delivery sector because work like this inevitably involves working alone, to deadlines, often at night and with the attendant road risks.”

Source location

Response from Health and Safety Executive
Page 3 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Permit sharing is a contractual issue outside HSE’s control.

Verbatim wording from the response

“The sharing of permits between licence owners and “substitutes” is a contractual issue and not an area HSE has any control over.”

Source location

Response from Health and Safety Executive
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Existing age, identity, registration, facial-recognition and enforcement controls are considered sufficient to reduce unauthorised under-18 access to the platform.

Verbatim wording from the response

“Riders must be aged 18 or over to carry out deliveries for Deliveroo. We have strict controls to prevent individuals aged under 18 from onboarding and creating delivery accounts - these are detailed further below. Riders may allow others to use their account (substitution is a feature of self-employment in the UK) but account holders are not permitted to share their delivery accounts with individuals who are under 18 years old. This is clear in our Rider Supplier Agreement and on our rider website.”

Source location

Response from Deliveroo
Page 1 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Other statements in published responses

These actions and other statements could not be clearly connected to one concern in this report.

Recipient positions A position is what a recipient says about a concern when they do not describe a specific action.2

  1. 1

    The deceased was not carrying out deliveries arranged through the platform, as a substitute courier or otherwise, on the incident night.

    Stated by Uber Eats UK LimitedDisputes the concernThe respondent disagreed with part of the concern or the basis for it.
  2. 2

    Child-employment restrictions do not apply to 17-year-olds classified as young workers.

    Stated by Health and Safety ExecutiveDisputes the concernThe respondent disagreed with part of the concern or the basis for it.

Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

The deceased was not carrying out deliveries arranged through the platform, as a substitute courier or otherwise, on the incident night.

Verbatim wording from the response

“It has been reported that Mr. Machado may have been travelling with an Uber Eats branded bag on the back of the motorcycle on the night of the incident. We have carried out a thorough investigation and can confirm that Mr Machado was not carrying out deliveries arranged through the Uber Eats platform, as a substitute courier or otherwise, on the night of the incident on 16 April 2023.”

Source location

Response from Uber Eats
Page 1 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response

Source evidence

How this respondent position was interpreted

PFD Monitor created a concise, searchable interpretation from the published response wording shown below.

PFD Monitor interpretation

Child-employment restrictions do not apply to 17-year-olds classified as young workers.

Verbatim wording from the response

“HSE has some high-level guidance on the employment of young people under the age of 18: Young people at work: Overview - HSE. The Department for Education state that the restrictions on child employment in the Children and Young Person’s Act 1933 apply to children who are of compulsory school age. Therefore, these restrictions would not apply in the case of Leonardo Cardoso Machado who, as a 17-year-old, would be classed as a ‘young worker’.”

Source location

Response from Health and Safety Executive
Page 2 · response
Published 29 September 2025

Open published response
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Information checked against the published report and official responses · Data reviewed 7 Sep 2026 · About data quality and limitations

Official responses located
4/4

Data last updated 7 September 2026